1. Tropical Morphology How Plants Adapt To Rain Forest The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Root & Stem Structures Adaptation To Soft, Wet Soils

2. About The Author Dr. Paul A. Thomas – Professor of Floriculture – Department of Horticulture – The University of Georgia – Extension Specialist – Really into Photography! Hope you enjoy my images

3. Learning Objectives 1. Describe the ways plant roots compensate for the often, wet, soft, loose soils that are common in the rainforest. 2. Understand the relationship between soil, water and how leaf litter and plant roots prevent erosion.

4. Most rainforests form in association with loose, porous, easily eroded soils. To survive, plants must deal with the rainfall and somehow maintain stability.

5. A thin layer of organic debris protects the fragile, volcanic soils of Costa Rica from the force of rain.

6. The volcanic rainforest is often characterized by steep slopes.

7. Small ravines can wash out quickly if soil cover is disturbed or removed by bad farming practices Disturbed SoilsUndisturbed soils

8. Stilt roots are one adaptation that allows support in wet/loose soils

9. An Example of a Buttress Root

10. Inland plain trees must also adapt to moist, soft but now more dense volcanic soils. Pandanus, or Screw Pine Prop Roots

11. Ficus trees have “Aerial Roots” that form in the canopy and then fuse or merge and form a larger, spreading trunk!

12. Red Ginger forms colonies that share a root system to form a huge matt.

13. Palm tree trunks form masses of very long roots that originate near the base of the stem and force their way down into the ground and then fan out.

14. Banana roots extending out along the surface of the leaf litter to increase the base support in wet soils.

15. Summary We have seen that the plants have developed a common root system adaptation, or theme. The use of stilt, prop, aerial or spreading roots to increase stability, rather than employing tap or deep roots, is a direct response to the rainfall and loose soils in Costa Rica, rather than to the just soil type.

16. Assessment Opportunity Explain why an Oak tree in the United States might have a deep root system, and a Banana might have a shallow, wider root system in Costa Rica. What do they share in common? What is different? Explain why slash and burn deforestation is so devastating to tropical soils? What would be a better way to harvest wood and plant crops?

17. For Future Exploration http://www.k12connections.iptv.org/pdfs/Wel cometotheRainforest.pdf http://www.k12connections.iptv.org/pdfs/Wel cometotheRainforest.pdf http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4632E/y463 2e0a.htm http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4632E/y463 2e0a.htm https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/cs.html https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/cs.html