1. Standard Grade Industry

2. In this part of the courses we will be looking at the following; 1.Classifying Types Of Industry 2.Changes in Industrial Employment 3.Location Factors For Industry 4.Location Factors Of Original Industry (Iron/Coal) 5.Decline Of Original Industry 6.Location Factors Of New Industry 7.Geographical Methods and Techniques 8.Industry - OS Map-work

3. Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Definition making a new product taking from land or sea developing new products providing a service Examples software developer teaching farming baker Task 1 Defining Industry

4. 0% 100% Employment Red= Secondary Blue = Quaternary Green = Tertiary Brown = Primary Task 2 Changes In Industrial Employment Pre Ind. Devel. Ind. Industrial Post Ind.

5. Task 3: Location Factors for Industry There are many reasons behind the location of industry, but the key is if added together, which site is the cheapest! Remember industry is a business it wants to make money!!! labour supply - how easy it is to get workers transport - by road, rail, sea and air to move goods and workers site - is the land flat, dry and with room for expansion raw materials - being near to heavy, bulky raw materials will help reduce transport costs market - being close to customers also reduces transport costs power supply - most modern industry uses electricity government aid - are grants, loans, training or other kinds of help available for a site

6. Task4: Location Factors for Original Industry (Coal/Iron) It is a help to heavy industry if it is located near to the bulky and heavy raw materials Near power supply - coal is the source of power in iron and steel making so iron and steel works were found on or near a coalfield Cheap transport - by railways and canals in the past, by bulk carriers (ships) more recently flat land - large areas of flat land are needed

7. Task4: Old Industry Location Factors 1.Why were steel works often situated near coal fields? 2.Why was old heavy industry generally built on flat ground? 3.Why was location of transport important?

8. Task 5 Decline Of Original Industry The Coal Industry 1.People use less coal at home, relying on electricity. This can be made with coal, but doesn’t use as much. 2. Some of the pits became exhausted, ran out of coal, after years of extraction. 3. Countries such as Brazil are producing their own coal so there is a smaller market to sell to. Often this coal is cheaper and so British coal can’t compete. 4. Power generators are using different sources of fuel such as nuclear and wind, so once again there is smaller market to sell on.

9. Task 5 Decline Of Original Industry The Coal Industry Colliery 5. Heavily folded coal seams mean top layers are easy to extract, but the lower levels are very difficult to get to. It becomes inefficient to extract coal and so is therefore too expensive to mine.

10. Task 5 Decline Of Original Industry The Iron/Steel Industry 1. Countries such as S.Korea & Japan have modern factories which are more productive and automated than those in the Sambre-Meuse, so provide cheaper steel. Older works have can’t cope as well with changes in market demand. 2. One reason for this is that in the 1930’s little investment was made in Belgium steel as there was an economic depression. 3. As with coal there are many more countries (Brazil) selling steel so the Belgian market share has decreased. 4. Local raw material ran out increasing costs as they had to be imported and then moved inland, which was expensive. 5. The local rail and canal networks were out dated. Canals needed to be deepened and widened to help bring in the imported raw materials in bulk (cheaper). This was very expensive and took too long to do. 6. Demand for steel has also reduced as more alternatives are used like plastic, carbon fibre and aluminium.

11. Task 5 Decline Of Original Industry Economic Effects 1. Less business means less taxes, but more unemployment benefits are being claimed, which drains the government’s budget. Also services are run down as there’s less taxes, which means there is less money to be spent on them. 2. Housing starts to decay as both private and council owners cant afford to invest in repairs. 3.As one industry shuts it may cause others, such as its suppliers, to shut this may cause a “vicious cycle” of decline. 4. Local shops and cafes will suffer as they’ll receive money due to customers spending less as they’re unemployed, so they may lose staff or have to close.

12. Task 5 Decline Of Original Industry Environmental Effects 1. There’ll be cleaner air due less factories producing smoke and remaining ones will use electricity. 2. Derelict buildings and spoil heaps (rock from mining) create an eye sore, this is unpleasant to live in and puts off new investors to the area. 3. River Meuse and Canal Albert are heavily polluted from dumped waste. When companies close down no one to pay the bill.

13. Task 5 Decline Of Original Industry Social Effects 1. As factories close down there is an increase to unemployment and poverty levels. 2. A knock on affect is for crime rate, divorces and domestic abuse to all increase. 3. With fewer job opportunities more young, skilled workers will leave the area, decreasing the chances of new investment. With less young people schools will start to close.

14. Location Factors New Industry Market SiteTransportLabour Force Universities Services Environment PowerGovernment Aid Task 6: Location Factors for New Industry

15. Location Factors New Industry Site Flat Land Easy Build Cheaper Build Spaced Contours Location Suburbs Cheap Land Greater Supply Large Area Large Complex Expansion

16. Location Factors New Industry Labour Force Large SupplyUrban AreasMore ChoiceBest Workers

17. Location Factors New Industry Transport PortsEU TradeAirInt. MeetingsRoadA or M roadsQuickRailStationsFreight/NormalWorkers Components

18. Location Factors New Industry Universities Skilled Labour Post Graduates R & D Collaboration

19. Location Factors New Industry Very Hard To See On Map Government Aid Evidence Closed Industry Grants, which is money given to the company Loans, money given to the company that has to be paid back over time Training, so that people will have the skills they need in your industry Infrastructure, improvements in e.g. roads, electricity supply, telecommunications and the water supply Constructing buildings that the companies can move into Government aid is provided by the local authorities, the British Government and the European Union.

20. Location Factors New Industry MarketLocation LocalTown NationalMotorway InternationalPort SizeProfits

21. Location Factors New Industry Power Electricty Large SupplyPylons

22. Location Factors New Industry Services Environment Theatres Museums Country Parks Less Stress  Productivity

23. Task 7 Annotating An Industrial Field Sketch Flat land so easier & cheaper building costs. Edge of city so cheaper land values Large car parking space for workers Less congested roads in the suburbs for quick transport Landscaped grounds for happier & productive workers Large area for sprawling estate