1. Plants as Living Organisms
Plant and Soil Science

2. The Plant Kingdom
Plants are found in biomes from the tundra to the desert.
Four Major Groups of plants: mosses, ferns, gymnosperm, and angiosperm.
Gymnosperm: produce plants that produce seeds on the scales of cones.
Ex. Pine, spruce, fir

3. The Plant Kingdom Angiosperm: Flowering plants
Ex. Corn, wheat, apples, petunias, oak
Two Classes
Monocots: send up a single cotyledon
Long narrow blades, with parallel veins, flowers in multiples of three, vascular bundles are scattered
Dicots: send up two cotyledons
Broad leaves, netted veins, vascular bundles in a circle, flowers in fours or fives

4. The Plant Kingdom- Life Cycles
Life Cycle: the time from when a plant begins growing until it dies
Annual: germinates, grows, and reproduces in one year.
Biennial: two growing seasons, first year they grow, second year they reproduce.

5. The Plant Kingdom- Life Cycle
Perennial: life cycle of two or more years
Herbaceous: soft shoots that are killed by frost. Send up new shoots in the spring
Woody: trees, shrubs, and vines above ground that survive winter
Hardy: how tolerant to cold a plant is

6. Structures- Roots Function: Absorb water and minerals from soil
Anchor plant
Store food

7. Structures- Roots Most roots found in top 2 feet of soil
Primary root (radical) is the first root put out by the plant
Root hairs are near the growing tip of the root and increase surface area for absorption.

8. Structures- Roots Root Systems Tap Root Fibrous Root
Thick main root that grows straight down
Can work for storage
Ex. Carrots, beets, and radishes
Fibrous Root
Branching slender roots
Less tolerant of dry conditions
Hold soil in place, and prevents erosion

9. Structures- Roots

10. Structures- Roots Secondary roots: branch off the primary root
Root cap: tip of root, protects root from soil as the root grows

11. Structures- Stems Function: Hold leaves upright
Conduct water and minerals
Conduct food
Store food

12. Structures- Stems Conducting food and water
Two types of conductive tissue- Xylem and Phloem
Xylem
Transports water from the roots up to the leaves
Phloem
Transports food to the roots and other parts of the plant

13. Structures- Stems/ Buds
Buds- contain undeveloped leaves, stems, or flowers.
Bud scales protect the bud.
Terminal bud: large tip of the twig, the growing tip, contains the apical meristem
Apical meristem is the primary growing point
Lateral buds are located along the sides of the branch

14. Structures- Modified Stems
Some stems have been modified for food storage and underground growth
Bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers are all examples of modified stems

15. Structures- Modified Stems
Bulbs- tulips and onions, have scales

16. Structures- Modified Stems
Corms- Gladiolus and crocus, fleshy and scale covered

17. Structures- Modified Stems
Rhizomes- underground stem that produces branches, irises and lily of the valley

18. Structures- Modified Stems
Tubers- storage organs, potatoes and caladium

19. Structures-Leaves Responsible for food production Photosynthesis
Transpiration

20. Structure-Leaves Comprised of specialized cells
Epidermis-protective layers
Cuticle-waxy coating
Stomata-pores allowing O2, CO2, and H2O exchange
Guard cells-controls stomata
(xylem and phloem)

21. Structure-Leaves Photosynthetic tissues
Mesophyll- “Middle of the leave”
Bulk of Photosynthesis
Palisade layer
Spongy layer

22. Structure-Leaves Simple leaves Compound Single leaf blade and petiole
Broadleaf Plants- wide flat leaves
Simple leaves
Single leaf blade and petiole
Compound
Petiole, 2 or more leaves called leaflets

23. Structure-Leaves Deciduous Evergreen Looses leave in Fall
Narrow leaf plants- needle or scale shape leaves
Deciduous
Looses leave in Fall
Evergreen
Keep leaves year round

24. Structures- Flowers

25. Structures- Flower Female- Pistil
Stigma- Top sticky portion to catch the pollen
Style-Tube that carries the pollen to the ovary
Ovaries-Where the seed will develop

26. Structures- Flower Male- Stamen Anther- Holds pollen
Filament- Holds the anther
Pollen- Male gamete