1. GROWING APART VOCABULARY U.S. History – Unit 4

2. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 Legislative act passed by Congress that set up guidelines for the admission of new states.

3. PUBLIC EDUCATION In 1830s interests in this grew rapidly and was a reflection of new belief in the ability of every person, tool to teach “national values” and of society’s obligation to its citizens

4. NOAH WEBSTER American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language

5. LOUISIANA PURCHASE Territory west of Mississippi River, U.S. under President Thomas Jefferson purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million – doubled land size of U.S.

6. LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION Scientific exploration of the new Louisiana territory in 1804 increased geological and scientific knowledge, strengthened U.S. claims to Oregon territory, improved relations with Native American tribes, and developed maps and land routes for future fur trappers and settlers

7. WAR OF 1812 War between the United States and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, caused by British impressment of American sailors into British navy & British trading guns to Native Americans in Ohio River Valley - ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

8. NATIONAL IDENTITY a sense of, and pride in, the character of one’s nation

9. NEW YORK CITY Originally the Dutch capital city of New Netherlands, named New Amsterdam – major city for shipping and trade

10. ERIE CANAL 363 mile long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River (NYC) with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825 to connect eastern U.S. and great lakes in Midwest in order to increase settlement and trade

11. AMERICAN SYSTEM Idea of Henry Clay argued for a strong banking system to provide abundant credit, a strong protective tariff for American produce, and a new system of road and canals (infrastructure) to improve flow of trade

12. INFRASTRUCTURE Roads, rail lines, service and utilities, canals, etc.

13. MONROE DOCTRINE an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers (Eur. & Russia) in exchange U.S. stay out of Euro affairs.

14. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid- 1700s.

15. ELI WHITNEY American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts.

16. COTTON GIN a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers – harvested cotton process MUCH faster, leads to “Cotton Kingdom” in South and increasing demands for slaves

17. INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

18. SECTIONALISM Devotion to the interests of one geographic region (economic, social, political, cultural) over interests of the country as a whole.

19. MANIFEST DESTINY The belief that America had the God- given right and duty to expand across the continent to Pacific Ocean

20. THE ALAMO Old Spanish mission that is best remembered for the battle fought there for Texas independence, 1836 Mexican army was lead by Santa Anna, all Texans killed in battle

21. ANNEXATION OF TEXAS U.S. takes over territory in 1845; was one of the causes of the Mexican- American war.

22. OREGON TERRITORY Northwest Territory acquired by the U.S. from Great Britain under President Polk in 1848

23. MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR War declared in 1846 after Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande into Texas. Was ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which gave the U.S. Texas, New Mexico, and California, in exchange for $15 million to Mexico

24. GADSDEN PURCHASE Strip of land in present day New Mexico and Arizona that was acquired by U.S. in 1853 for $10 million.

25. CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848 – rapidly increased Cal’s diverse population

26. ANDREW JACKSON Hero of Battle of New Orleans, supported by “common man,” pursued harsh policy toward Native Americans; supported minimal government and the spoils system.

27. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Term that describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson; during this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated and popular participation and politics increased

28. UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE principle that every man had a right to vote, regardless of whether he owned property.

29. SPOILS SYSTEM System of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power.

30. LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS Hands off approach to government; government should not interfere in the economy.

31. INDIAN REMOVAL ACT President Andrew Jackson’s measure that allowed state officials to override federal protection of Native Americans who were forced to sell tribal lands and relocated west to Oklahoma

32. STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION This view of the Constitution meant that it was to be followed exactly to the word, a philosophy adopted by Jefferson & Jackson

33. TRAIL OF TEARS 800 mile forced March by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of thousands of Cherokee Indians.

34. TWO-PARTY SYSTEM political party system with two major political parties.

35. EDUCATION REFORM Changes made in educational systems that were designed to filter through to society to make America a better and safer place – education for men and women

36. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

37. ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT movement to end slavery

38. WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT Organized effort to improve political, legal, and economic status; it was largely inspired by women’s frustration with their limited participation rights in the abolitionist movement.

39. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON Women’s rights advocate who organized to Seneca Falls Convention

40. SENECA FALLS CONVENTION First women’s rights convention, held in 1848

41. WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE women’s right to vote

42. SUSAN B. ANTHONY An early leader of the women’s suffrage movement, co-founded the National Women’s suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869.