2. 12 | 2 Europe in 1453 This year marked the end of the Hundred Years War between France and England and the fall of the Byzantine capital city of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. Muslim advances into southeastern Europe were offset by the Latin Christian reconquests of Islamic holdings in southern Italy and the Iberian Peninsula and by the conversion of Lithuania. ( Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

3.  Capetian France Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987 CE -- Hugh Capet’s kingdom stretched for about 25 miles around Paris. It was surrounded by territories of more powerful nobles Capetian kings slowly expand authority out from Paris  Philip II Augustus (1180 – 1223) Waged war against England; gained Normandy, Flanders and Anjou and became more powerful than any of his vassals. Improved administration Established a royal bureaucracy  Philip IV (1285 – 1314) aka Philip the Fair Apogee of French Medieval Monarchy Crafty and cruel ruler -- To gain popular support for his need for additional revenues, he called for an assembly called the Estates General. This body never acquired the same power as its counterpart in England – never did gain power to tax  Capetian line ends in 1328  Edward III of England claims throne, invades France  Begins the Hundred Years War, which helps consolidate the power of the monarchy

4.  Normans in England Descendants of Vikings, settled in France Invade England in 1066 under William the Conqueror  William lessened nobles’ power by giving them small, scattered fiefs and taxing them  Henry II (r. 1154 – 1189) consolidates royal power by strengthening the bureaucracy of appointed officials  John I (r. 1199 – 1216) loses power to the nobles Nobles – aggravated by high taxes – revolted and captured London in 1215 John is forced to sign Magna Carta the following year, recognizing feudal privileges  Parliament first summoned in 1265 - all clergy and great nobles as well as two minor nobles from each shire and two burgesses from each chartered town. Parliament would help rule the country  War of the Roses 1455-1487 English Civil War for Control of the Crown  Fought between two noble families: Lancaster and York  Henry Tudor (associated with Lancasters) leads his forces to victory  Henry assumes control as Henry VI and marries a York.  Establishes new line of monarchs (Tudor)

5.  Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8 th -12 th centuries  From 11 th century on, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories  Late 13 th century, Muslims remain only in Granada  1469 union of Aragon and Castile solidifies royal power and helps create united country

6. 12 | 6 Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.