1. Augustus’ Reforms of the Legions 1. Reduced army to 25-26 legions (150,000 men) 2. Standardised pay and length of service (16 years, gradually increased to 25 during reign) 3. Continued settling veterans on their own lands with additional privileges (at state expense after 6 AD) 4. Discharge reward changed to 3,000 denarii in 13 BC

2. Praetorian Guard 1. Imperial bodyguard composed of Roman citizens 2. c. 5,000 men, of which only 1,500 in Rome 3. Hand picked, well-paid, enjoy shorter term of service (12-16 years) 4. Protected emperor or family on campaigns 5. Later influenced imperial succession

3. The Legions 1. Numbered from I to XXII, and also named 2. Offered wages, food, clothing, other benefits 3. Mostly from Italy 4. Consisted only of free-born Roman citizens

4. legatus legionis tribunus laticlavius (senatorial tribune) 5 equestrian tribunes + praefectus castrorum cohort Icohorts II-X 12 “centuries”*6 “centuries” each* (960 men)(480 men each) *each headed by a centurion, and including principales (optio [deputy centurion], signifer [standard bearer] and tesserarius [guard sergeant]), immunes (specialists) and milites (legionaries) Legion

5. pilum (javelin) helmet woollen tunic lorica segmentata (armour) gladius (short sword) scutum (shield) heavy sandals

6. Auxiliary Units 1. Cohors peditata (six [sometimes ten] “centuries” of infantry, under praefectus cohortis) 2. Cohors equitata (mixed unit of either 380 infantry and 120 cavalry or 760 infantry and 240 cavalry) 3. Ala (cavalry unit commanded by praefectus alae, consisting of 16 turmae [troops, sometimes 24] of 32 men plus decurio)

7. Auxiliary Units 1. Initially under native chieftains, later under Roman officers of equestrian rank 2. Rank and file were rarely Italians and even more rarely Roman citizens. Mostly from Gaul, Spain or Thrace. Had to be free born 3. Received regular pay and some benefits. No fixed term of service 4. Supported legions and patrolled provinces