1. SOLAR VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE

2. HAS THE EARTH WARMED? Climatic Research Unit, UK

3. HAS THE EARTH WARMED?

4. MANKIND - EARTH CO 2

5. SUN - EARTH Mathew (5)

6. SUN - EARTH The solar open magnetic field, solar wind and energetic particles affect the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere

7. SUN - EARTH Correlations between solar activity and climate indicators Cycle length NH temperature Friis-Christensen & Lassen (1994)

8. SUN - EARTH Correlations between solar activity and climate indicators H. Avercamp

9. SUN - EARTH: Possible Mechanisms Total irradiance variations: energy input into the Earth's atmosphere UV irradiance variations: c hanges in stratospheric chemistry Modulation of cosmic ray flux by solar magnetism: changes in cloud cover

10. VARIABLE SUN 1996 2000

11. PASSAGE OF A SUNSPOT GROUP

12. FLUX TUBES

13. PASSAGE OF A FACULAR GROUP

14. 3- COMPONENT MODEL F( ) - quiet Sun flux (Fontenla et al. 1993) F( ) - sunspot flux; separate umbra/penumbra (cool Kurucz models) F( ) - facular flux (modified P-model; Fontenla et al. 1993; Unruh et al. 2000)  (t) - filling factor of sunspots (MDI continuum)  (t) - filling factor of faculae (MDI magnetograms) s f

15. FILLING FACTORS  = 1 (or 0)   s  f  = 1-  -  q s f

16. TOTAL FLUX

17. TSI: 1996 - 2001 Krivova et al. 2002

18. MODEL VS. OBSERVATIONS

19. SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE

20. SECULAR CHANGE: Stellar Evidence Baliunas & Jastrow 1990

21. SECULAR CHANGE: Heliospheric Evidence

22. 1996 2000

23. SECULAR CHANGE: Heliospheric Evidence

24. SOLAR VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE Solanki & Krivova 2002