1. Introduction to Science and its methods – PART 2 Fausto Giunchiglia Thanks to R.Brandtweiner Literature: Robert V. Smith. Graduate Research, 1998 Jeffrey A. Lee. The scientific endeavor, 2000

2. Index: 1.Science … and Engineering 2.Tasks of Science 3.Languages and Models 4.The philosophy of Science 4.1 Scientific methods 4.2 Syllogism 4.3 Empiricism 4.4 Positivism 4.5 Popper: Principle of Falsification 4.6 Beyond positivism and Falsification 4.7 Kuhn: scientific paradigms 5. The Comunity of scientists 6. Misconduct in Science

3. 5. The Comunity of scientists

4. “ A Goal of science is to achieve consensus over the widest possible field” The Community of Scientists

5. Science as a social institution. The goal of science is a consensus of rational opinion over the widest possible field. But there are constraints Education Tradition Sequence of gaining knowledge – existing theories (paradigm) may limit perception The Community of Scientists

6. Scientific norms Communism Universalism Disinterestedness Originality Skepticism

7. Communism: scientific knowledge is the property of everyone scientists have to publish their results Scientific norms

8. Universalism: no privileged sources of scientific knowledge the only criterion is competence Scientific norms

9. Disinterestedness: refers to a lack of bias or a lack of self-interest is not the same as being uninterested Scientific norms

10. Originality: work should be original Scientific norms

11. Skepticism: Scientists are critical Skepticism as peer review Scientific norms

12. Instruments Invisible colleges Peer review Reward System

13. Invisible Colleges (communication networks): Journals Conferences Projects … Instruments

14. Peer Review: independent peers review the paper accept or reject it … almost never a perfect process Instruments

15. Reward System: Recognition among peers Invited Talks Program Chair of Conferences Community Prizes Top Prizes Salary Contract money Instruments

16. 6. Misconduct in Science

17. In Science integrity is the most important thing Misconduct in Science Easy to say Hard to do Science punishes misconduct

18. Scientific Commandments: Be Honest Never manipulate data Be precise Be fair with regard to priority and ideas Be without bias with regard to the data and ideas of your rival Do not make compromises in trying to solve a problem Hans Mohr, 1979 Misconduct in Science

19. Examples: Fraud Misconduct in Science Fabrication [make up data results] Falsification [change data results]

20. Plagiarism : use of someone’s else words (ideas, pictures, …) without giving proper credit Misconduct in Science

21. Conflict of Interest : avoid personal issues Paper of a friend Paper of a competing group

22. Failing to retain research data for a reasonable period Maintaining inadequate research records Refusing to give peers access to research materials Inappropriate statistic to enhance the significance of research findings Inadequately supervising research subordinates Misrepresenting speculations as fact Releasing results without providing sufficient data Selective reporting of research Interference Self-plagiarism Questionable Research Practices

23. In Science the Honesty is the key issue… Misconduct in Science … otherwise … … we loose the game badly

24. How to do research Fausto Giunchiglia Literature: Robert V. Smith. Graduate Research, 1998 Jeffrey A. Lee. The scientific endeavor, 2000 By Fausto Giunchiglia and Alessandro Tomasi

25. Index: 1. Research and Scholarship 2. Factors for success 2.1 Attitude 2.2 Commitment 2.3 Creativity 3. Making Choices 3.1 Types of research 3.2 Advisor 3.3 Programs of Study 3.4 Disciplinary vs. Interdisciplinary 4. Time Management 4.1 Set Goals 4.2 Make a todo list 4.3 Time Wasters 5. PHD Thesis 5.1 Choosing a scientific problem 5.2 Timing of PHD

26. 1. Research and Scholarship

27. Research and Scholarship Two dimensions: 1.do research:= Vertical Dimension 2.achieve scholarship:= Horizontal Dimension You must make time for each!!!

28. Computer Networks Multimedia Communications Software Engineering Knowledge Management Vertical dimension Horizontal dimension Research and Scholarship

29. New ideas may come from boundary between areas Research and Scholarship