1. Rocks & Minerals

2. A.What is a Mineral? 1. Characteristics of a Mineral a.naturally formed b.inorganic (non living) solid c.Has a crystalline structure that determines the kind of mineral. 2. Rocks are made of minerals. 3. NOT ALL minerals are rocks. 4. Currently 3,600 minerals have been identified.

3. Questions List 4 characteristics of minerals. a. b. c. d.

4. Questions List 4 characteristics of minerals. a. naturally formed (formed in nature) b. inorganic (nonliving solid) c. has a crystal structure d. solid

5. B. Minerals From the Inside Out 1. Elements- pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary means. 2. All minerals contain one or more elements. 3. Atoms- the smallest part of an element (each element is made of only one kind of atom). 4. Compound- substance made of two or more elements that have been chemically joined. 5. Most minerals are made of several different elements.

7. C. Crystals 1. Crystals are solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms present in the mineral. 2. Minerals are made of one or more crystals that determine their shape. 3. Crystals form minerals in different ways: a. cooling of magma at different rates ex. Obsidian cools quickly b. solutions or chemical reactions - minerals dissolved in water can create crystals c. evaporation – liquid evaporates and crystals form.

8. Questions 1.What are minerals made of? 2.List three ways crystals can form. a. b. c.

9. Questions 1.What are minerals made of? One or more crystals that determine the shape of the mineral. 2. List three ways crystals can form. a. Cooling of magma b. Solutions or chemical reactions c. Evaporation

10. D. Types of Minerals Minerals are grouped/ classified based on the elements they are made of. 1. Silicate minerals a. made of silicon and oxygen (and other elements) b. the two most abundant (plentiful) elements on earth are silicon and oxygen. * Ex. Feldspar,Quartz, Mica Feldspar Quartz Mica

11. Types of Minerals cont. 2. Nonsilicate Minerals a. Minerals that do not contain silicon or oxygen. b. Examples: calcite fluorite corundum gypsum galena Calcite Pyrite

12. Question 1.The two elements found most on earth are _______________ and ______________. 2.What is the difference between silicate and nonsilicate minerals?

13. Question 1.The two elements found most on earth are silicon and oxygen. 2.What is the difference between silicate and nonsilicate minerals? Silicate minerals are made from silicon and oxygen and other elements AND nonsilicate minerals are not made of silicon and oxygen.

14. E. Identifying Minerals Properties can help you identify minerals: –Color –Luster –Streak –Cleavage –Fracture –Hardness –Special Properties Tools used for mineral ID.

15. Mineral ID Tests 1.Color: minerals may come in many different colors or shades. a. The color may be affected by impurities or weather. b. Not always a reliable test because rocks can be more than one color or there are lots of rocks that can be the same color.

16. Mineral ID Tests cont. 2. Luster: the way a surface reflects light. a. Metallic- shiny or glassy b. Nonmetallic – dull or greasy.

17. Mineral ID Tests cont. 3. Streak: the color of the mineral in powder form. a. mineral is rubbed on a streak plate. b. The color of a mineral’s streak is NOT always the same as the mineral. c. Streak is NOT affected by weathering.

18. Mineral ID Tests cont. 4. Cleavage: the tendency of the mineral to break along smooth flat surfaces. * Varies by mineral type. 5. Fracture: the tendency of a mineral to break unevenly. Cleavage Fracture

19. Mineral ID Tests cont. 6. Hardness: a mineral’s resistance to being scratched. a. "Tools" for Testing Hardness : * Fingernail * Penny * Steel Blade/ Nail

20. b. Moh’s Hardness Scale 1. Easily scratched with a fingernail. 2. Scratches with a fingernail, but must gouge. 3. Cannot scratch with a fingernail, but can scratch with a copper penny. 4. Easily scratched with a nail. 5. Can scratch with a nail but must gouge. 6. Cannot be scratched with a nail, but the rock can scratch glass. 7. Easily scratches glass and a nail (steel). 8. Can scratch quartz. 9. Can scratch topaz. 10.Hardest known mineral. Diamond can scratch all other surfaces.

21. Mineral ID Tests cont. 7.Density a. The measure of how much matter is in a given amount of space. b. ratio of mass (how much matter) to volume (how much space)

22. Mineral ID Tests cont. 8. Special Properties a. Some properties are particular to only a few types of rocks. b. Fluorescence c. Chemical Reaction d. Optical Properties e. Radioactivity f. Taste g. Magnetism “We learned that calcium carbonate Is the only kind of mineral that reacts To acid tests.”

23. Questions 1.List the mineral properties used to identify minerals. 2.Explain why just one mineral test is not enough to identify a mineral.

24. Questions 1.List the mineral properties used to identify minerals. Color, luster, cleavage, fracture, streak, hardness, density, and special properties- fluorescence, chemical reaction, optical, radioactivity, taste and magnetism. 2.Explain why just one mineral test is not enough to identify a mineral. Some rocks have more than one color, and more than one kind of rock can be grey.

25. F. The Formation of Minerals 1. The environment in which a mineral forms determines the mineral’s properties. 2. Minerals form above and below the ground. a.Evaporating Salt Water [gypsum, halite] b.Magma heated hot water solutions crystallize. [gold, copper]

26. f. Plutons – as magma rises, it stops and slow cooling causes millions of minerals. [quartz, feldspar]

27. G. Mining of Minerals 1. Ore – mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit. 2. Surface Mining – removal of Earth’s materials at or near the Earth’s surface. a. Open pits b. Strip mines c. Quarries Minerals mined this way: bauxite, copper, aluminum d. digging, or panning (ex. Gold mining)

28. Mining Cont. 3. Deep Mining – removal of minerals from deep within the Earth. *Passageways dug deep underground  Minerals mined this way:diamonds, coal 4. Mining Effects on the environment: a. change landscape/ harm habitat b. pollution c. safety concerns for miners 5. Reclamation- return the land to its original state after mining.

29. H. The Value of Mining Many minerals are valued for either their beauty or usefulness.

30. Common Uses of Minerals Mineral Metal Uses ChalcopyriteCopperCoins, wire GalenaLeadBatteries, paint BerylBerylliumBicycle frames, airplanes ChromiteChromiumStainless steel, cast iron

31. Question 1.How does mining affect the environment? 2.What is the importance of mining minerals?

32. Question 1.How does mining affect the environment? Changes the landscape, causes pollution, and changes habitat. 2. What is the importance of mining minerals? Ores are used in many aspects of daily lives: pencils (graphite), salt, building, and vitamins.

33. Rocks

34. A. Understanding Rock 1. Rock is a solid mixture of crystals of one or more minerals. 2. All rocks are made of minerals but not all minerals are rocks.

35. B. The Value of Rock 1. Rock has been used for centuries for weapons, tools and in buildings. 2. Rocks help scientists answer questions about the history of the Earth. Ex. Fossils 3. Collection, hobbies, decoration, cleaning (pumice stone), and jewelry to name a few.

36. Question Explain the importance of rocks: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

37. Question Explain the importance of rocks: Rocks are used for weapons, tools and in buildings. 2. Rocks help scientist answer questions about the history of the Earth. Ex. Fossils 3. Collection, hobbies, decoration, cleaning (pumice stone), and jewelry.

38. C. Rock Classification A. 2 Characteristics used to classify (group) rocks. 1. Composition – means what mineral a rock is made of. Ex. Quartz is composed of quartz mineral. Limestone is composed of 95% calcite & 5% argonite.  Texture – determined by the sizes, shapes, and positions of the grains it is made of. a. Fine-grained – ex. Siltstone b. Medium-grained- ex. Sandstone c. Coarse-grained – ex. conglomerate siltstone sandstone

39. D. 3 TYPES OF ROCKS 1. Igneous Rock a. Origins- How Formed –Magma and water cools, solidifies and freezes. –Magma and lava freeze between 700°C and 1,250°C. –Fire formed –3 ways magma form: Rock heated Pressure released Rock changes composition Muscovite Granite basalt Rhyolite Gabbro

42. Igneous Rock cont. b. Intrusive Igneous Rock- when magma cools below the Earth’s surface. (many sizes & shapes) Ex. Granite c. Extrusive Igneous Rock: formed on the Earth’s surface. Lava flow Lava plateau Ex. Pumice, Obsidian

43. Questions 1.The term igneous means: 2. The amount of time it takes for magma or lava to cool determines the rock’s ________ 3. Intrusive rock is formed in what location? 4. Extrusive rock is formed in what location?

44. Questions 1.The term igneous means: fire formed 2. The amount of time it takes for magma or lava to cool determines the rock’s texture 3. Intrusive rock is formed in what location? Inside earth/ made of magma 4. Extrusive rock is formed in what location? Outside earth/ made of lava

45. 2. Sedimentary Rock a. Origins – How formed –Preexisting rock weathers (wears away) into sediments which are worn away by erosion then deposited, compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rock. –Noticeable feature is layers or strata.

47. Sedimentary Rock cont. b. Stratification: layering –Rate of deposition affects the thickness of layers. –History of area can be shown by stratification. c. examples- petrified wood, limestone, sandstone

48. Questions 1.Sedimentary rocks are made by weathering of rocks into __________ and then _____________, _____________ and _____________ to form sedimentary rocks. 2.Layers are called _________________.

49. Questions 1.Sedimentary rocks are made by weathering of rocks into sediments and then deposited, compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks. 2.Layers are called strata.

50. 3. Metamorphic Rock a. Origins – How Formed –Metamorphic means “change”. –Changes are due to heat and pressure. –Temperature at which metamorphism happens is between 50°C and 1,000°C (higher most rock will melt). Quartz + calcite + Hematite +HEAT & PRESSURE = Garnet

51. Metamorphic Rock cont. Origins cont. –Contact Metamorphism: a rock comes into contact with magma, which changes some of the minerals in the rock. –Regional Metamorphism: when enormous pressure builds up in the rock under other formations or when large pieces of the crust collide. Regional metamorphism

53. Questions 1.What does metamorphic mean? 2.Minerals + _________ + ____________ = new rock.

54. Questions 1.What does metamorphic mean? change 2.Minerals + heat + pressure = new rock.

55. M. The Rock Cycle 1.Rock Cycle – is the process by which one rock type changes into another. 2.No beginning or end 3. All rocks at any stage can change into a different type of rock. 4. 3 rock Types a. Igneous b. Sedimentary c. Metamorphic

56. Questions 1.What are the three groups of rocks? a.___________b. ______________ c. _______ 2. Look at the visual: list the processes in the rock cycle. a. b. c. d. e. 3. Products a. b. c.