1. The High Middle Ages- 1000- 1300

2. Monarchs, Nobles, & the Church  Feudal monarchs at this time enjoyed limited power.  Nobles and Church leaders interfered with efforts of monarchs to expand their power.  Power struggle develops….

3. Monarchs, Nobles, & the Church  Monarchs’ response to power struggle: Centralize their power by strengthening armies, developing system of taxes, and improving relations with the middle class.

4. Battle of Hastings 1066- Anglo-Saxon King Edward dies w/ no heir Duke William of Normandy fights those who try to put king’s brother-in-law Harold on throne- Battle of Hastings Result: William the Conqueror now rules England- blending of French/Anglo-Saxon customs

6. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

7. Norman Conquest How does William control his kingdom? -Takes complete, exhaustive census (Domesday Book) -Creates royal exchequer to collect taxes

8. Henry II Inherits throne in 1154 His justice system forms basis of English common law- applies to all of England jury system develops- earliest model of today’s jury system His extension of royal power caused tension w/ the Church

9. Henry II

10. Magna Carta (Great Charter) Developed in 1215 in response to England’s King John’s abuse of power/mismanagement of power

11. Impact of Magna Carta (Great Letter) Greatly limited king’s rights- he must obey the law!- cannot issue random taxes! Established that nobles had rights Over time, such rights would be granted to all citizens

12. Magna Carta, 1215

13. Beginnings of British Parliament  Great Council-early lawmaking body eventually called Parliament  Set up framework for England’s modern Parliament- checks, limits power of king, has some control over tax laws

14. The Magna Carta can be described as a (1) journal about English feudal society (2) list of feudal rights limiting power of English monarchy (3) census of all tax-paying nobility in feudal England (4) statement of grievances of middle class in England

15. Monarchs of France  Louis IX- rose to power in 1226, became most admired ruler of the time -deeply religious, made a saint -ended serfdom, strengthened Christianity, & expanded royal courts  succeeded in making France an efficient, centralized monarchy

16. Monarchs of France  Philip VI- grandson of Louis IX- clashed violently w/ Pope Boniface VIII over taxation issues  Estates General set up under Philip’s rule  Lawmaking body of clergy, nobles, townspeople- never gained same role/power as English Parliament

17. Holy Roman Empire  10 th century- Charlemagne’s empire in present-day France and Germany dissolves after his death  Otto I- (German) crowned emperor; his successors took title “Holy Roman Emperor”  German monarchs- and emperors- struggled to control their kingdoms and vassals- never truly successful  Battles w/ popes and clergy continue, esp over appt of bishops

18. Emperors & Popes  Pope Gregory VII- most controversial medieval pope Why?  banned lay investiture- result: only popes can appoint bishops-  Henry IV- completed opposed to decision, excommunicated for his views (later welcomed back to church)

19. Concordat of Worms -Conflict over lay investiture (who has right to appoint popes) drags on for decades Concordant of Worms- treaty signed in 1122 -Church can elect bishops; emperors can give bishops fiefs

20. Popes & The Battle for Power  Pope Innocent III- purest example of papal power during medieval times  Placed kingdoms under interdict for various offenses  12 th, 13 th centuries- tides start to turn in favor of English & French monarchies….

21. Spain and the Crusades  Christians had been battling Muslims in Spain for centuries; the conflict dated back to the 700s  Reconquista, or ‘reconquest’: Christian campaign to drive, remove Muslims from Spain (Moor population)

22. Reign of Isabella & Ferdinand  Marriage of Isabella & Ferdinand- very strategic- paved the way for a more unified Christian state in Spain  Isabella launched brutal assault against Muslims (Spanish Moors) w/ support of the Inquisition – a Church court that tried those accused of heresy

23. Results of the Reconquista  Religious unity achieved at very high price.  Policy of religious toleration of all faiths ended; those who refused to convert to Christianity were often burnt at the stake.  Over 100,000 people fled in fear for their lives.

24. European Culture Post- Crusades  Crusades inspired interest in learning and intellectual development, paving way for Revival of Learning, or European Renaissance beginning in the 1300s in Italy

25. European Culture Post- Crusades  Church recognized need for an educated, more literate clergy  Universities sprung up in cities across Europe (Salerno, Bologna, Italy among 1 st examples)  Modern-day universities follow this early model of ‘liberal arts’ learning- learning across various subjects

26. European Culture Post- Crusades  Women not allowed to attend university  Exception- Christine de Pizan  Cultural diffusion- Europeans absorbed ideas, achievements of other cultures, esp Muslim translations of texts, writings of ancient Greeks  Scholasticism gained popularity- philosophy attempting to bring faith and reason together

27. European Culture Post- Crusades  Key primary source from High Middle Ages- Summa Theologica- St. Thomas Aquinas’ attempt to combine Christian faith and logic (scholasticism)  Little scientific advancements made during Middle Age due to idea that knowledge must fit w/ Christian teachings  Arabic numerals- modern-day #s- adopted by Europeans

28. Medieval Literature, Art, Architecture  Latin- language of learning & the Church  vernacular (everyday language of people) - Italian, German, etc, began to be used in writing and some universities  Key examples of early medieval literature: -Chaucer’s epic poem The Canterbury Tales (1 st great English poem actually written in English) -Dante’s Divine Comedy (Italy)

29. Medieval Architecture “In the Middle Ages, men had no great thought that they did not write down in stone.” - Victor Hugo Roman influences (Romanesque) in High Middle Ages architecture Dark, gloomy, heavy vaulted ceilings Gothic architecture grew up in Paris -Key features: flying buttress (dramatic stone supports), huge stained glass windows, stone sculptures

30. Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris

32. Medieval Architecture & Art Stained glass windows & illuminated manuscripts (beautifully painted books, much decorative detail) helped the illiterate (majority of population) learn about their faith.

33. Medieval Architecture & Art Book of Kells- perhaps most famous example of medieval illuminated manuscript, on permanent display in Trinity College in Dublin