2. Who: Byzantines What: placed imperial provinces called “themes” under generals responsible for military/ civil admin When: 8th-11th cent Where: Byzantium Why: allowed troops to mobilize quickly; made land available to free peasants; however the generals who governed them became too powerful and rebelled, this led to the decline of free peasants (there was not enough military recruits or taxes)

3. Who: Clovis I most influential King of the Franks What: Germanic Tribe who invaded Roman Gaul (France) When: 3rd century - 718 Where: Gaul (France) Why: Clovis converted to Christianity and formed an alliance with the Catholic Church; then other Germanic groups converted; began the development of feudalism; Europe's center shifted from Rome to France

4. Who: craftsmen What: association of people who work in the same occupation When: beginning in 13 th century Where: Western Europe Why: controlled much of the urban economy; est standards for quality, determined prices, balanced supply and demand; regulated entry of new workers

5. Who: Merchants What: Trade network; association of trading cities stretching When: 13th-17th cent Where: On the Baltic and North Sea; stretched from novgorod to London Why: Dominated trade in grain, fish, furs, timber, pitch

6. Who: King John of England What: feudal barons forced John to sign the Magna Carta When: 1215 Where: Runnymede Why: created constitutional law and Parliament for lords

7. Lasted from 500 – 1500 Germanic groups invaded Roman Empire Trade was disrupted People returned to rural ways of life People were less educated Monasteries preserved knowledge

11. A Germanic tribe of nomads who lived in the Rhine River Valley. In the 400s, the Franks began to invade Roman Gaul (France today)

13. Merovingian King of the Franks from 481-511 He was Pagan, but In 496 his wife (Clothilde) convinced him to convert to Christianity The rest of his people then converted

15. “Charles the Hammer” Carolingian who became Mayor of the Palace in 714 Defeated the Muslim Moors in 732 at the Battle of Tours

16. Ended the Muslim advance into Europe (except for Spain) Showed the effectiveness of cavalry (used by Muslims) Led to the importance of knights

17. Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel) Convinced Pope Boniface to crown him King of the Franks (751) Pepin created the Papal States when he gave part of his territory to the Pope Ended all rule of the Merovingians and began the Carolingian Dynasty

18. “Charles the Great” Son of Pepin 771 – King of the Franks Created the largest kingdom in Europe since ancient Rome Pope Leo III crowned him King of the Romans (Cont.)

19. Paid for a revival of learning - the Carolingian Renaissance Monks copied Roman manuscripts Opened schools His empire was divided between his three sons who fought each other until 843 – signed the Treaty of Verdun

24. Increasing violence and lawless Vikings attacked from the north Magyars (Turkish nomads) attacked from the east Muslims attacked from the south People had no central government to protect them People turned to lords for protection

25. King Vassals – Nobles and Bishops who were wealthy land owners Knights – defended Vassals’ land in exchange for fiefs (land) Peasants – worked the Vassals’ fields; many were serfs who could not leave the land

27. Popes often crowned the Kings. All Christian Kings had to have the Pope’s blessing. Excommunication – if the Pope was unhappy with a King, they could be excommunicated and condemned to hell. The Church could put anyone on trial who violated Canon (Church) law.

28. The climate was warmer from 800 to 1200 Farmers used a new type of harness that fit across a horse’s chest – horses could pull plows Farmers could grow more crops when they switched from a two-field system to a three-field system

29. The Church forbade Christians from lending money at interest – Jews became the source for loans. Trade increased and towns grew larger and more crowded.

30. Authors began writing in the vernacular – brought literature to many people Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries Many Greek writings were translated into Latin. Ancient writings influenced Christian writers.

33. The Age of Faith

34. Ended marriage of Priests and Simony

35. Towering cathedrals with stained-glass windows (ex. Notre Dame)

37. Needed to protect Constantinople.

38. He wanted to take control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks

39. Crusaders captured Jerusalem.

41. Saladin recaptured Jerusalem.

42. Richard the Lion-Hearted fought Saladin Came to a truce – Saladin opened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims

44. Knights attacked and looted the Christian cities of Zara and Constantinople

45. Drove the Muslims out of Spain.

46. People suspected of heresy were questioned, tortured, and executed.

61. William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) led a French Army and defeated Harold the Saxon for the English throne. William became William I of England.

62. He declared all of England his personal property. Granted fiefs to about 200 Norman lords Laid the foundation for centralized government

64. Grandson of William I made major reforms to the royal power in England. Consolidated courts – more crimes and civil cases would be tried by the Royal Courts

65. Common Law developed – laws are created by decisions of the judges, earlier decisions are used as precedents. Grand Jury System – a jury determines if there is enough evidence to justify a trial

66. Attempted to bring the church courts under his control Failed after his clash with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas à Becket

67. Philip strengthened the central government in France by putting more land under his control. 1204 – Philip II of France Regains Normandy from the English

68. John and Richard the Lionhearted were both sons of Henry II, but Richard only spent 10 months of his reign in England Ineffective ruler – lost territory to the French, taxed heavily and abandoned jury trials to punish his enemies

69. A large group of his vassal lords revolted against him in 1215 and forced him to sign the Magna Carta at Runnymede The Magna Carta required the king to observe due process of law

70. Was intended to protect the lords, but it later protected merchants and peasants Became the foundation of the English system of constitutional government

71. He set up courts where people could appeal their lord’s decision. This strengthened the monarchy and weakened feudal ties. 1226 – Louis IX became King of France

72. War began when the French King died with no heirs. The English King (who was a French- speaking descendant of William the Conqueror) claimed the French throne. In 1429 Joan of Arc drove the English out of Orleans. She was captured by the English and burnt at the stake. 1337-1453 – The Hundred Years War

74. Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions and devote themselves to a religious life Established between 400 -700 communities called monasteries which became centres of education, literacy and learning Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St. Benedict Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted as evidence of a special relationship with God St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of Church

76. Byzantine Empire in 6 th Century

77. New royal dynasty called Capetians in France System of primogeniture= system where eldest son inherited everything (instead of dividing land / property / wealth) Lords and knights however had little loyalty and began competing more fiercely for land, power, influence and control Peace of God= a set of decrees issued in 989 CE that prohibited stealing church property, assaulting clerics, peasants and women with the threat of excommunication from Church were set to protect the unarmed populace by limiting warfare in countryside Truce of God= set in 1027 CE and outlawed all fighting from Thursday to Monday morning, on important feast days and during religious days Truce encouraged idea that the only combat pleasing to God was in the defence of Christendom (idea of the righteousness of holy war) 1095 CE Pope Urban II referred to Truce of God when calling knights to the first Crusade in support of Christians

78. War of Investitures (Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV) Norman Conquests & William the Conqueror (who was crowned King of England and ordered the Doomsday Book) Magna Carta (king is subject to the law) Crusades Effects of Crusades (military failure but many positive effects (spreading of culture, goods, scientific knowledge, Arabic language and thought, economic growth in rural communities, and trade)

79. Effects of Crusades Guild and communes Towns, cities and manors New thinkers (Thomas Aquinas) and writers Creation of universities New art and architecture (gothic, castles) Knighthood and chivalry Courtly entertainment (fables, playwrights)

80. Black Death a devastating worldwide pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid 14 th century killed about a third of Europe’s population, an estimated 34 million people.

81. Called “black death” because of striking symptom of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would blacken due to hemorrhages under the skin Spread by fleas and rats painful lymph node swellings called buboes buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze pus and blood. damage to the skin and underlying tissue until they were covered in dark blotches Most victims died within four to seven days after infection EFFECTS Caused massive depopulation and change in social structure Weakened influence of Church Originated in Asia but was blamed on Jews and lepers

85. Roger Bacon (gunpowder) Luca Pacioli (Father of Accounting) Johannes Gutenberg (printing press) Christine de Pisan (writer); Geoffrey Chaucer (writer) Joan of Arc (Hundred Year’s War) Pope Urban II (indulgences) Pope Innocent IV and Bernard Gui (inquisitions) Parliamentary Government in England