1. Materials, Consumption and Climate Prepared for the University of Oregon Climate Change Research Group January 17, 2012 David Allaway Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Allaway.david@deq.state.or.us 503-229-5479

2. Materials, Consumption and Climate Overview Background: materials and climate West Coast Climate and Materials Management Forum Projects specific to Oregon –Global Warming Commission 2020 Roadmap –DEQ’s 2050 Vision for Materials Management –DEQ’s use of life cycle analysis –Consumption-Based GHG Emissions Inventory –Portland and Eugene communication projects West Coast Forums Research Workgroup –Opportunities to collaborate

3. Materials, Consumption and Climate Background: Materials and Climate

4. Materials, Consumption and Climate Traditional Sector-Based View of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2006) Electric Power Industry 34% Transportation 28% Industry 19% Agriculture 8% Commercial 6% Source: US EPA (2009) Residential 5%

5. Materials, Consumption and Climate Materials Matter: Systems-Based Geographic Emissions Inventory (2006) Building Lighting and HVAC 25% Transportation of People 24% Infrastructure 1% Use of Appliances and Devices 8% Provision of Goods 29% Source: US EPA (2009) Provision of Food 13% Materials (excluding use) 42%

6. Materials, Consumption and Climate For Materials, “Upstream” Emissions Dominate Building Lighting and HVAC 25% Transportation of People 24% Infrastructure 1% Use of Appliances and Devices 8% Provision of Materials 42% Landfills & Wastewater 2.2% Freight 7.1% “Upstream” Processes 32.2%

7. Materials, Consumption and Climate West Coast Climate and Materials Management Forum

8. Materials, Consumption and Climate West Coast Climate and Materials Management Forum West Coast (mostly) local, state, and tribal governments working with US EPA Regions 9 and 10 to integrate and share lifecycle materials management policies and practices to drive climate action. http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/ECOCOMM.NSF/climate+change /wccmmf

9. Materials, Consumption and Climate An approach to using & reusing resources most productively and sustainably throughout their life cycles:  minimizing the amount of materials involved,  minimizing associated environmental impacts. Uses a “life-cycle view” Can result in GHG reductions at all stages Includes, but broader than end-of-life management Materials Management

10. Materials, Consumption and Climate The importance... and limitations... of waste recovery (recycling, composting) 42% 6% 2006 U.S. GHG inventory with 32% recovery (MSW) 2006 U.S. GHG inventory with very high recovery rate (~95% MSW + >70% C&D) provision of materials provision of materials 36% “savings” buildings transporting people appliances & devices buildings transporting people appliances & devices

11. Materials, Consumption and Climate West Coast Climate and Materials Management Forum Objectives –Provide state, local and tribal governments with tools for evaluating the climate implications of waste and materials management decisions –Influence national and regional policies on climate change –Advance priority climate and materials management research

12. Materials, Consumption and Climate West Coast Climate and Materials Management Forum: Workgroups Inventory: inventory improvements, informational toolkit, ICLEI protocoltoolkit Consumption: food consumption pilot project, consumption and environment speaker series Communication: scripted presentation Materials Management Strategies: research reports on recycling/composting potential, product stewardship, specific materials recycling/composting potential Research: research agenda, literature review

13. Materials, Consumption and Climate Projects Specific to Oregon

14. Materials, Consumption and Climate Global Warming Commission’s Roadmap to 2020 – Specific to Materials Management Vision (2050) Recommendations –“Key Actions for 2020” (9) –“Tier Two Recommendations” (29) Available (as revised) at http://www.keeporegoncool.org/content/road map-2020 http://www.keeporegoncool.org/content/road map-2020

15. Materials, Consumption and Climate Key Actions 1.Advocate for a carbon price signal across the life cycle of materials –Emissions cap and/or carbon tax –Should address imports 2.Develop a consumption-based GHG inventory –Consider including consumption-based accounting in future State inventories –Additional research as needed into product categories identified as having high emissions, emissions intensity

16. Materials, Consumption and Climate More Key Actions 3.Develop easy-to-use life cycle metrics for different food types 4.Carbon footprinting, labeling of products –Standards, incentives, and/or mandates 5.Focus product stewardship “upstream” –Upstream emissions and/or design choices 6.Higher standards for new buildings: “net zero” plus offset for materials

17. Materials, Consumption and Climate And More Key Actions 7.Consumer information, outreach, education 8.Reduce waste of food 9.Conduct research on three issues involving discards: –Highest/best use for organic wastes –GHG footprint of conversion technologies (e.g., pyrolysis) –Guidelines, recommendations for waste-to- energy

18. Materials, Consumption and Climate Roadmap to 2020: “Discards Management” and “Upstream Actions” Projected New GHG Reductions, 2020 (MMTCO2e)* Discards Management (11 recommendations)** Upstream Actions (16 recommendations) *Additive; cumulative reductions will be smaller **2010 recovery benefits: ~3.0 MMTCO2e

19. Materials, Consumption and Climate DEQ’s 2050 Vision for Materials Management in Oregon2050 Vision for Materials Management in Oregon Intended to inform update to Oregon’s (statutorily- required) solid waste management plan – and future work by DEQ and others How are materials made, used, and managed at end-of-life in 2050? Vision and key actions –Climate is one of several critical issues Consultation with stakeholders ongoing; complete this summer

20. Materials, Consumption and Climate Life Cycle Analysis in DEQ’s Solid Waste Program Life cycle analysis (LCA): A technique for analyzing the environmental performance over the entire life cycle of a product or service. Includes but isn’t necessarily limited to GHGs. Recent applications: –E-commerce packaging (2004)E-commerce packaging –Water delivery systems (2009)Water delivery systems –Waste prevention/material selection in residential construction (2010)residential construction –Consumption-based GHG emissions inventory (2011)Consumption-based GHG emissions inventory

21. Materials, Consumption and Climate Common Uses of Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories Identify how the community contributes to emissions Support GHG reduction planning (scenario analysis) Establish a baseline and reduction goals Measure change relative to the baseline Communicate all of the above to policy-makers and the general public

22. Materials, Consumption and Climate GHG inventories: the “snow globe” approach

23. Materials, Consumption and Climate Common adjustments to the “snow globe” approach Imported electricity –Emissions at the point of electricity generation –Transmission and distribution losses Motor vehicles (and airline travel) –“Trip origination” vs. in-region vehicle miles Exported solid waste –Emissions at landfills, incinerators

24. Materials, Consumption and Climate Limitations of the (modified) “snow globe” Provides an incomplete perspective of how communities contribute to emissions... –... and by extension, opportunities to reduce emissions Appears to penalize local production, reward outsourcing (“leakage”) May lead to sub-optimal decisions (e.g., discontinue recycling) May provide misleading signals of change over time

25. Materials, Consumption and Climate United Kingdom Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Conventional Accounting Source: DEFRA, 2008

26. Materials, Consumption and Climate United Kingdom Greenhouse Gas Emissions – A More Complete Picture Source: DEFRA, 2008

27. Materials, Consumption and Climate Oregon’s Consumption-Based GHG Emissions Inventory (CBEI): What Is It? An inventory of the GHG emissions associated with consumption –“Consumption” is defined in economic terms (e.g., “final demand”... not “intermediate demand”) –Consumption = a “root cause” of environmental impacts –Includes materials but not limited to materials –Emissions are life-cycle emissions and globally distributed Not all in-state emissions are included Consumption supplements traditional measurement frameworks (production; territorial boundaries)

28. Materials, Consumption and Climate Methodology Developed by Stockholm Environment Institute, US Center Not derived from (traditional) process LCAs Rather, “multi-regional input-output life cycle analysis” –Consumption (in dollars) of 509 commodities –Traces $ through supply chains for 3 regions (Oregon, other US, other nations) to estimate total economic activity required to satisfy that consumption –Relates that economic activity to emissions via industry- and region-specific emissions intensities (emissions/$) –Emissions = $ (economic activity) x emissions/$ –Adjustments to account for direct (in-state) energy consumption (“final demand”) and waste disposal

29. Materials, Consumption and Climate The Big Picture: Oregon’s Consumption- Based GHG Emissions (2005)

30. Materials, Consumption and Climate Emissions by Life-Cycle Phase (MMTCO2e)

31. Materials, Consumption and Climate Emissions by Major Category of Consumption (“Final Demand”)

32. Materials, Consumption and Climate Emissions by Product Category (MMTCO2e)

33. Materials, Consumption and Climate Emissions Intensities and Rebound Effects Emissions intensity: emissions per dollar spent. Rebound effect: response to financial savings resulting from resource conservation... money is still spent, albeit it possibly someplace else. Understanding emissions intensities leads to better understanding potential rebound effects.

34. Materials, Consumption and Climate Emissions Intensities Final DemandLCA Emissions Intensities (kg CO2e/2005$) Materials (average)0.5 – 0.6 Electricity (average)6.9 Fuel (average)5.8 Services (average)0.1 - 0.2

35. Materials, Consumption and Climate More Emissions Intensities CategoriesLCA Pre-purchase Emissions Intensities (kg CO2e/2006$) Transportation services1.6 Clothing1.1 Food and beverages0.9 Appliances0.7 Electronics0.6 Furnishings and supplies0.5 Construction0.4 Services0.2

36. Materials, Consumption and Climate Emissions vs. Emissions Intensities, Selected Household Commodities

37. Materials, Consumption and Climate Local Production = Lower Emissions? Transportation is a minor share of emissions for most products. Some Oregon sectors have significantly lower emissions intensities than production elsewhere –See next slide –Caveat: additional research into marginal emissions rates needed

38. Materials, Consumption and Climate Comparison of Emissions Intensities by Location CategoriesRatio of OR-at-US to OR Ratio of OR&US-at- Foreign to OR Media and furnishings1.11.9 Foundries, metal processing1.01.7 Food and beverages1.01.6 Electronics1.01.3 Appliances1.01.3 Clothing1.01.2

39. Materials, Consumption and Climate Possible Applications of the Consumption-Based Emissions Inventory Continue in parallel with traditional inventory –Provide more accurate/complete story of how Oregon contributes to emissions –Track changes over time Inform climate action planning –Oregon Global Warming Commission’s Interim Roadmap to 2020

40. Materials, Consumption and Climate Other Possible Applications of the Consumption-Based Emissions Inventory Support and inform additional research, voluntary actions –Identify high impact/high priority categories But not a “consumer’s guide” No specific actions for individuals recommended –Screening tool for state purchasing –Use by local governments and businesses Improvement over the EIO-LCA tool –Use in research projects

41. Materials, Consumption and Climate Outreach on Consumption Babe O’Sullivan, Sustainability Liaison City of Eugene (541) 682-5017 Babe.osullivan@ci.eugene.or.us

42. Materials, Consumption and Climate Outreach on Consumption Awareness → Attitude → Behavior Thoughtful consumption: consuming differently –Want vs. need –Sharing, trading, renting, borrowing –Durable, repairable, reusable –Less stuff, more memories Best practices –Positive, value based –Trusted sources: local sources, existing networks –Go beyond the media buy

43. Materials, Consumption and Climate Portland Campaigns Be Resourceful Genesis: waste prevention Web-based Testimonials Community events Focus: food purchases

44. Materials, Consumption and Climate Portland Campaigns Climate Action Now Genesis: climate action Web-based “Your Stuff” Call to action Tips, resources

45. Materials, Consumption and Climate Eugene Climate Communication Strategy 1 st installment: consumption Phase 1: research and design Measure attitudes: survey and focus groups Test messaging Recommendations: March 2012 Political considerations

46. Materials, Consumption and Climate West Coast Forum: Research Workgroup