2. Do-Now: ‘Captain of Industry’ and ‘Robber Baron’? How could Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller be described as both of the above?

3. Do-Now: Read p.420, ‘Working Families’ Defend progress to someone who claims “things used to be better back in the day.”

4. Chapter 14: Expansion of American Industry 3. Industrialization & Workers p.419

5. Immigration  Between 1860 and 1900, about 14 million people immigrated into the United States.  (NJ has a population of just under 9 million)  Congress passed the Contract Labor Act in 1864.  The employer paid the passage of an immigrant in return for one year of labor.

6. Migration to Cities  In the Late 19th century, between 8 & 9 million people moved from their farms to the cities.  Poor economic conditions such as drought and overseas competition forced many to leave their farms.  The lure of opportunity and fast pace attracted new comers.

8. Factory Work: A Family Affair  Because wages were so low, no one person could support a family.  Children left school at age 12 or 13 to work in a factory.  If a parent became ill or died, children at age 6 or 7 went to work or starved.

9. Lack of Public Assistance  Social Darwinism held that poverty was a result of personal weakness.  Most Americans believed that government relief programs would encourage idleness.  Americans at the time did not believe in government entitlements.  Unemployment and disability insurance, welfare etc.

10. Workday Hours & Pay  By 1860, a 10 hour workday had been established but rarely enforced.  Most laborers worked at least 12 hours a day, 6 days a week.  Laborers were paid by how much they produced not by the hour.  Piecework system benefited the younger workers while older workers suffered.

11. Work Environment  Division of labor changed the relationship between worker and product.  Workers became viewed as interchangeable parts in a vast impersonal machine.  Poor work environment, fatigue and poor training led to hundreds of deaths and injuries.  In 1882, 675 people per week were killed on the job compared to 120 per week today.