1. Case Study Cuban Missile Crisis

2. Cuba

4. Really old background info… Late 19 th C Spanish colonies in America were seeking independence 1898- Spanish-American civil war US became ruling power in Cuba US agreed to leave but only if Cuba accepted conditions of Platt Amendment (1901)

5. Platt Amendment Cuba could not transfer territory to anyone other than US US had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs for the sake of “Cuban Independence”

6. Another Historical Document Munroe Agreement 1823 President James Munroe “any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the western hemisphere would be considered as a hostile act towards the US”

7. Background 1901-1950s Ruled by pro-American Fulgencio Batista Ruled by small group of rich and powerful (mostly foreign, especially US) Vast majority- peasantry

8. Cuba under Batista Cuba as “America’s Playground” Investments in sugar, ENTERTAINMENT Examples: Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights Godfather

9. Cuban Revolution* 1959- Fidel Castro led forces in revolution (aided by Che Guevara) Goal: overthrow Batista -fought via guerrilla warfare -supported by peasants

10. Castro’s Reforms 1959-1960: Nationalizes previously owned US sugar estates and cattle ranches Planned to redistribute Cuban wealth Began promoting anti-American sentiments ****Cubans who oppose Castro flee to US

11. Problems 1960- Castro signs treaty with USSR (does not formally declare communist) Castro nationalized oil refineries (America had refused to refine Soviet crude oil) US refuses to sell military hardware to Cubans Castro goes to USSR for assistance

12. 1961- Eisenhower ends diplomatic relations with Cuba

13. During the Revolution Cubans fled to US Refugees thought stay in US temporary and would return to Cuba once Castro fell Eisenhower invested $ to help Cubans plan a counter-revolution

14. Operation Pluto Eisenhower trained 1500 Cubans to attack Cuba with assistance of CIA Thought if they attacked, would spark a popular revolution and others would join

15. While this is happening… Cuba’s relationship with USSR growing, Castro formally declares he’s a communist in 1961 1961- Kennedy takes over from Eisenhower

16. Bay of Pigs Planned attack on Cuba by Cuban refugees April 10, 1961 Lasted 3 days Poorly equipped, poorly planned Did not receive promised air support from America

17. Why didn’t Kennedy send support? Wanted to claim “plausible deniability” Did not want to get directly involved

18. Mini-Assignment To be completed and handed in by the end of class From what you just learned about Cuba PREDICT: 1. what will Castro do next and why? 2. What will Kennedy do next and why? What will Kennedy use to justify this?

19. Cuban Missile Crisis After Bay of Pigs: Castro approaches Khrushchev for more weapons (p. 68) February 1962- America launches an economic embargo against Cuba Won’t trade with them, high taxes on those that do

20. What’s Happening 1- Changes to Guantanamo 2- Cuba obtains weapons

21. Guantanamo Bay American naval base since 1903 (American-Cuban Treaty gave perpetual lease) Cuban government opposes base Once Castro in power: refuses to cash rental cheques

22. Guantanamo continued… Oct 22, 1962- military families evacuated US troops placed 75 000 landmines to protect area (1996- Clinton replaces with motion sensors)

23. Cuba Obtains Weapons June 17-October 22 1962: USSR transfers 24 launching pads, rockets, 45 nuclear warheads, bombers, aircraft, and 47000 troops Cuba denies YouTube - Kennedy addresses the nation on the Cuban Missile Crisis YouTube - Kennedy addresses the nation on the Cuban Missile Crisis What action will Kennedy take? What will become the policy of the US regarding the Cubans launching a missile?

24. Result of Tension: America puts up “Quarantine” of Cuba To stop weapons from entering Cuba Lasts 13 days Referred to as “October Crisis”

25. Crisis Ends After tense negotiations it was decided between Khrushchev and Kennedy: USSR would remove troops and weapons US would remove missiles from Turkey