2.  Habit: An action one person does repeatedly (biting nails, reading the newspaper each day)  Custom: An action of a group done often enough that it becomes a characteristic of the group (clothing style choices)  Folk Culture: Traditionally practiced by groups in homogeneous, rural, isolated areas.  Popular Culture: Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits even if there is much diversity.

3.  Popular Culture: Hierarchical diffusion  Films in Hollywood  Fashion and advertising in NYC  Rapid diffusion through modern communication and transportation  Folk Culture: Relocation diffusion  Slow diffusion through the actual movement of people

4.  Sports are part of both popular and folk cultures  The origins may be folk cultural traditions  The spread of some sports is rapid and hierarchical, especially with globalization

5.  Physical environment  Clothing is often specific to the natural world around people  Food choices are often a result of what can be grown in that climate, how much land is available, and what is acceptable to be eaten (there are TABOOS on eating some foods—this means it is unacceptable to eat certain foods in certain cultures) ▪ Taboos may be religious or a result of nature  Housing styles are initially a result of the natural world.

6.  Isolation  Throughout history, slow communication and diffusion of culture meant that even short distances could keep people from sharing cultural traits.

7.  Threat to folk culture  Loss of traditional values ▪ Change in food, shelter, and clothing preferences because of exposure to popular culture  Clothing: changes in clothing can lead to controversy, especially in very religious places.

8.  TV stations are usually controlled by the governments in LDCs  Many leaders worry that MDC news companies may limit their power and lead to rebellion.  Satellite television can be a force for change in many LDCs—the governments often try to prevent satellite TV, but are not successful.

9.  Environmental impact  Desire for certain aspects of popular culture put strain on the environment ▪ Construction of shopping malls, golf courses on land that was used for food production ▪ Demand for consumer products increases demand for natural resources ▪ Pollution from production factories can harm air and water quality