1. 8.1 THE COVALENT BOND “All I ever needed to know, I learned in kindergarten.”

2. REVIEW ON IONIC COMPOUNDS An ionic compound is made of a cation of a METAL NONMETAL METALLOID and an anion of a METAL NONMETAL METALLOID (or the cation can be ammonium, and the anion can be a negative polyatomic ion.) Why are a metal and a nonmetal usually needed to form an ionic bond?

3. Review of making an ionic compound

4. A molecular compound is usually made of Explain.

6. The chemical bond that results from atoms sharing valence electrons is called a When two or more atoms bond covalently a ___________________ is formed. When 2 atoms of the same or different element(s) form covalent bonds, they are called ______________________________________. The hydrogen molecule above is an example of this, as is a chlorine molecule.

7. __________shared electrons. So do the bonds in water. These are called _________________________________ bonds. In this type of covalent bond, the 2 bonding electrons spend most of their time between the nuclei. This is called a _____________________________ bond. Single, covalent bonds are always sigma bonds. The bonds in H 2 and Cl 2 each consist of

8. There is a diatomic molecule you must you take in constantly, or you will become “brain dead” in 6-10 minutes. What is it? How can it be happy?

9. The other element you are constantly breathing in is ____________________________. It is also diatomic. How can it be “happy?”

10. How can 4 or 6 electrons (a double or triple bond) be shared between the nuclei of 2 atoms? Only two electrons can occupy a particular area in space.

11. The first bond in a double or triple bond is always a sigma bond; i.e., the bonding electrons are _________________ the 2 nuclei. The second (and third) bonds are called ___________ bonds.

12. In a double bond, the second pair of bonding electrons spend their time _______________________________ the sigma pair. In a triple bond, the third pair spends its time _____________________________ of the sigma pair

13. Single bond = ________ bond Double bond = ________ bond + ________ bond Triple bond = _________ bond + ___ ________ bonds

16. In an EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC reaction, heat is given off. It feels HOT COLD In an EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC reaction, heat is absorbed from the surrounding. It feels HOT COLD

17. 8.1 continued: The elements of molecular compounds

18. Halogens have _____ valence electrons. They want _____ more electron. Therefore, they prefer to make ______ bond.

19. Group 16 has ____ valence electrons, so its elements want ____ more electrons. Therefore they prefer to make _______ bonds.

20. Group 15 has ____ valence electrons, so its elements want ____ more electrons. Therefore they prefer to make ________ bonds.

21. Group 14 has ____ valence electrons, so its elements want ____ more electrons. Therefore they prefer to make ________ bonds.

22. What compounds would these elements make with hydrogen? COMMON NAMES 1. chlorine ________________ 2. oxygen ________________ 3. nitrogen ________________ 4. carbon ________________

23. The elements found in nature in the human body are shown below: RED = most abundant BLUE = found in lesser amounts GREEN = trace amounts Note that the most common elements in the human body are all nonmetals …

24. The human body and most life as we know it is primarily made of these nonmetals: oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen