1. Trace element
** Iron :

2. Enter information of hemoglobin .
45 mg \ Kg body weight .
Enter information of hemoglobin .
Storage mainly in the liver ,spleen ,& bone marrow .
Excess iron storage called hemosidrosis .
Absorbed in acidic media of the stomach

3. factors increased absorption of iron :
1- body need : during growth period [ pregnancy ,lactation ,childhood ]
2-acidic media : vit c aid in absorption of iron
3- calcium
*factors decrease iron absorption :
1- substance as phosphate ,tea ,coffee
2- reduce gastric acid secretion
3- infection
4 –GIT disease as malabsorption

4. physiological function of iron :
oxygen transport
cellular oxidation to produce energy .
growth need
** iron deficiency anemia may be :
nutritional anemia ,inadequate supply of iron
hemorrhagic anemia ,excessive iron blood loss.
Post gastrectomy anemia
Malabsorption anemia
Chronic disease anemia [ arthritis ]
*source of iron in food : liver ,egg ,vegetables ,cereals ,flour ,bread .

5. ** Iodine -participate in synthesis of thyroxin hormone
- 20% on iodine in thyroid gland
-absorbed in small intestine in form of iodide ,go to blood stream ,join with protein to thyroid gland & other tissue .
* physiological function of iodine :
1- thyroid hormone synthesis
2- plasma thyroxin : carry iodine in plasma protein to body cell [ muscle ,skin ,skeletal tissue ]
- hypothyroidism : decrease thyroxin hormone , creationism in children ,myexdema in adult .
- goiter is an enlargement of thyroid gland with decrease function .
\\ food source of iodine is sea food .

6. ** Zink :
-stored in pancreas , liver ,kidney ,lung ,muscle ,bone , prostate .
* deficiency of Zink lead to :
1- hypogonadism : decrease function of gonads
2-taste & smell defect
3-decrease wound healing
4-chronic illness in aging [ reduce immune function ]
5- malabsorption disease .
- food source : sea food ,meat ,egg .

7. ** Copper :
iron twin
act on energy production
deficiency occur with total parentral nutrition
found in liver ,seafood ,nuts ,seeds
** Manganese :
stored in liver ,bone ,pancreas ,pituitary
important in metabolic reaction .
deficiency of manganese in D.M
source : plant food ,cereal ,grains ,nuts ,tea ,coffee , vegetables .

8. ** Fluoride :
found in bone & teeth .
deficiency of this substance lead to dental caries .
fish & fish product & tea contain the highest concentration of fluoride .
fluoridation of public water is very important .