1. Animal Nutrition and Feeds
4/25/2017

2. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transform food into body tissues and energy.
4/25/2017

3. Why is Nutrition Important?
To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs
and convert them to desirable products such as meat,
milk, eggs, fiber and work.
4/25/2017

4. What is a Nutrient?
A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes.
4/25/2017

5. Digestible Nutrient
The portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body.
4/25/2017

6. The Six Nutrients Needed
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
4/25/2017

7. Protein is needed for the following
Developing and repairing body organs
Producing milk, wool, and eggs
Generating enzymes and hormones
Developing antibodies
Transmitting DNA
4/25/2017

8. Proteins Needed for growth and repair
Helps form muscles, internal organs, skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
4/25/2017

9. Proteins
Complex nutrients, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

10. Examples of Proteins Meat and Bone Meal Fish Meal Soybean Meal
Cottonseed Meal
Dried Skim Milk
Amino Acids
4/25/2017

11. Proteins What are proteins?
Organic compounds that are made up of amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Most expensive part of animal ration

12. What are the 2 types of amino acids?
Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?
Non-Essential Amino Acids
Needed by animals
Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and do not have to be provided

13. What are the 2 types of amino acids?
Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?
2. Essential Amino Acids
Cannot be made from other A.A.’s
Must be provided in the diet
Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided

14. What are the 2 sources of proteins?
Animal Proteins
Meat and Bone Scraps
Blood Meal
Fish Meal
Vegetable Proteins
Soybeans
Peanut Meal
Hay
Pastures

15. Proteins
Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant Protein Source Which is a better source? Animal Proteins Why? They contain a good balance of the essential amino acids

16. Carbohydrates Furnish energy for body functions, growth
and reproduction
The largest part of the animal’s food supply
and usually the fibrous part of the diet
Include sugars, starch and cellulose
Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
4/25/2017

17. Carbohydrates
Contain the chemical elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Made up of a group of chemicals called sugars, starches and crude fiber

18. Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?
Simple Carbs
Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s)
Consist of sugars and starches
Supply immediate energy
Come from cereal grains

19. Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?
2. Complex Carbs
Known as fiber
Consist of cellulose and lignin
More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s
Fiber is found primarily and roughages such as hay and pasture plants.
Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard grass, and bluegrass.

20. Fats 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do
Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to
2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do
Form cholesterol, steroids and other body
compounds
Found in every cell in the body
Affect the condition of skin and hair
Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but
contain much larger proportions of carbon and
hydrogen than carbohydrates do
They also provide energy reserves, protection for
vital organs, and they insulate the body
4/25/2017

21. Fats
Made up of the same chemical elements as carbohydrates but in different combinations

22. Continued… Fats are needed for: Providing energy
Absorbing fat soluble vitamins
Providing fatty acids

23. Minerals Primarily found in bones and teeth
Important in blood for the carrying of
oxygen
Regulates heartbeat with potassium,
sodium
and calcium
Example: Calcium Formation
Found in rocks
4/25/2017

24. Minerals
Like vitamins however they support materials needed for building the skeletal system
Also, producing body regulators such as enzymes and hormones.

25. Minerals What are minerals?
Inorganic substances that animals need in small amounts
Minerals contain no carbon

26. What are some functions of minerals?
1. Provide material for growth of:
Bones, Teeth, and Tissue
2. Help with muscular activities
3. Reproduction
4. Digestion of feed

27. Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are they?
Major (macro) Minerals
Trace (micro) Minerals

28. Minerals- Major Needed in large amounts 7 Macro Minerals Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium
Sulfur
Magnesium

29. What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack?
Minerals- Major
What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack?
Sodium
Calcium
Phosphorous

30. Minerals- Major Sodium Functions: Deficiencies:
Maintain osmotic pressure in cells
Muscle and nerve activity
Deficiencies:
Reduced appetite
Rough hair coat
Cannibalism in chickens
Dirt eating

31. Minerals- Major Calcium Functions: Deficiencies: Bone development
Nerve and muscle function
Deficiencies:
Rickets- in young animals bones are soft, bend easily, and are malformed

32. Minerals- Major Phosphorus Functions: Deficiencies:
Bone and Teeth Development
Appetite
Deficiencies:
Rickets
Stiffness in joints
Loss of appetite

33. Minerals- Trace Needed in small amounts Sulfur Magnesium Iron Iodine
Copper
Cobalt
Zinc
Manganese
Boron
Molybdenum
Fluorine
Selenium

34. Are only needed in small amounts Are essential for life and health
VITAMINS
Are only needed in small amounts
Are essential for life and health
Provide a defense against disease,
promote growth and reproduction
Contribute to the general health of
the animal
4/25/2017

35. Vitamins Are organic substances required in very small amounts
Are necessary for biochemical reactions within the body.

36. Vitamins What are vitamins?
Trace organic compounds needed in small amounts by animals
Needed for development of normal tissues and for health, growth and maintenance

37. Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are they?
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)
Dissolved in fat
Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)
Dissolved in water

38. This Vitamin is associated with EYESIGHT What am I?
4/25/2017

39. Vitamin A Function: Deficiencies: Vision Conception Rates
Disease Resistance
Deficiencies:
Night Blindness
Blindness in calves
Reproductive problems

40. This Vitamin is associated with BONES What am I?
4/25/2017

41. Vitamin D Function: Deficiencies: Bone Development Growth
Rickets (young animals)
Osteomalacia (older animals)

42. This Vitamin is associated with REPRODUCTION What am I?
4/25/2017

43. Vitamin E Function: Deficiencies: Reproduction Muscle Development
E and Selenium together help immune system
Deficiencies:
Reproduction failure
Muscular dystrophy

44. This Vitamin is associated with BLOOD What am I?
4/25/2017

45. Vitamin K Function: Deficiencies: Blood Clotting
Blood doesn’t clot fast

46. What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?
Vitamins
What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?
Green Leafy Hay
Yellow Corn
Cod Liver
Fish Oils

47. This Vitamin is associated with TEETH/BONES What am I?
4/25/2017

48. Vitamin C
Function:
Formation of teeth and bones
Prevents infections

49. This Vitamin is associated with APPETITE What am I?
4/25/2017

50. B- Complex
Function:
Appetite
Growth
Reproduction

51. What are some sources of water-soluble vitamins?
Green Pastures and Hay
Cereal Grains
Milk

52. Water Water is in every cell of the animal
It is more important than any other nutrient group
The composition of an animals blood is percent water

53. 1. Drinking Water
How much water do mature, non-stressed animals need? Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day Horses= gal/hd/day

54. 2. Water Within The Feed Grains can range from 8% to 30% water
Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush young grass

55. 3. Metabolic Water
Water produced by the body during chemical reactions
5-10% of total water intake

56. How is water lost from the animals body?
Water Loss
How is water lost from the animals body?
Urine
Feces
Sweat
Milk production

57. What happens if animals are deprived of water?
Water Deficiencies
What happens if animals are deprived of water?
Reduced feed consumption
Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27%
Reduces feed efficiency by 33%
Reduces weight gain by 50%
Weight Loss
Water Intoxication
4-5 days without water animal will drink up to 50% of body weight in ½ hour
Death

58.
Questions?
4/25/2017

59. FEED CLASSIFICATIONS
Roughages
Concentrates
Supplements
4/25/2017

60. ROUGHAGES High in fiber and relatively low in digestible nutrients
Examples of roughages:
Alfalfa
Clover
Soybean
Oat hay
Corn Silage
4/25/2017

61. Concentrates digestible nutrients Examples of concentrates: Corn
Are low in fiber and high in
digestible nutrients
Examples of concentrates:
Corn
Cottonseed
Barley
Oats
Sorghum
4/25/2017

62. Supplements with additional nutrients. iodine and iron
Supplements are extras that supply the body
with additional nutrients.
Some supplements are minerals, salt, copper,
iodine and iron
Vitamin A and D are also very important to
ruminant animals
4/25/2017
Salt
Copper
Iron