1. Chapter 12 The Islamic World

2. Section 1 – The Roots of Islam

3. Physical Features and Climate
Hot dry air
Blazing sun
Physical Features
Deserts
Water only exists in oases
Sand dunes and hills

4. Two Ways of Life Nomads Settlers Made homes on oases Farmed
Lived in tents
Raised sheep, goats, and camels
Traveled in search of food and water
Belonged to tribes (families) which provided protection
Settlers
Made homes on oases
Farmed
Towns became centers of trade
Worked with people in the caravan trade

5. Muhammad Becomes a Prophet
Born into important family in Mecca around 570
Worked in the caravan business
Concerned when wealthy did not help the poor
Spent time meditating and praying
Muslims believe God spoke to Muhammad and made him a prophet
Messages from God were collected in the Qur’an

6. Muhammad’s Teachings Taught there was only 1 God – Allah
Muhammad’s teachings upset many Arabs for 2 reasons:
Didn’t like being told to stop worshipping their gods
New religion seemed like a threat to those who made money from pilgrimages

7. Entry Task Think about things in your daily life.
What activities, food or entertainment do you enjoy that comes from another culture?
List as many things that you can think of that come from other countries or cultures.
Example: Ninjas!

8. Islam Spreads in Arabia

9. Islam Spread in Arabia At first Muhammad had few followers
As he gained more followers, Mecca’s rulers became worried and planned to kill him
In 622 Muhammad went to Medina
Muhammad became a spiritual and political leader in Medina
Medina grew strong and conflict with Mecca increased
In 630, Mecca gave in and accepted Islam
Muhammad died in 632, Islam continued to spread

10. Section 2 – Islamic Beliefs and Practices
Collection of Muhammad’s teachings that were written down
Muslims believe the Qur’an was the word of God as it was told to Muhammad

11. Islamic Beliefs Only 1 god – Allah Must obey Allah’s command
World will one day end
Those who obey will be granted life in paradise
Those who do not obey will suffer

12. Guidelines for Behavior
Qur’an describes acts of worship, guidelines for moral behavior and rules for social life
The Qur’an also describes
relations among people

13. The Five Pillars of Islam
Statement of Faith – Must say “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet.”
Daily Prayer – Muslims must pray 5 times a day
Yearly donation to charity – Muslims must pay to a religious official
Fasting – Muslims fast daily during the month of Ramadan
Hajj – Muslims must travel to Mecca at least once in their life

14. The Sunnah and Daily Life
Sunnah – the way Muhammad lived, which provides a model for the duties and the way of life expected of Muslims
The Sunnah includes:
Rules on how to treat others
Guidelines for relations in business and government

15. Islamic Law
Shariah – a system based on Islamic sources and human reason that judges actions of individuals and the community
Scale:
required accepted disapproved forbidden
Shariah sets:
rewards for good behavior
Punishements for crime

16. Mr. Martin’s Prayer Challenge
Pray to God, five times a day.
Set reminders and talk to God.
Find a time that you can spend a few minutes quietly.

17. Section 3 – Islamic Empires

18. Muslim Armies Conquer Many Lands
After the death of Muhammad, Abu Bakr becomes leader
He was the first caliph
Unlike Muhammad, early caliphs were not religious leaders

19. Trade Helps Islam Spread
Arab merchants took their Islamic beliefs to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia
Trade brought new products to Muslim lands, such as: paper, gunpowder, oranges, cotton, and rice

20. The Growth of Cities
Trade brought many different people together and created wealth, which supported great cultural development in Muslim cities.
This is an example of cultural diffusion
Two key cities in the Muslim world were Baghdad in what is now Iraq and Cordoba, Spain.

21. Three Muslim Empires

22. The Ottoman Empire
Turkish warriors known as Ottomans take conquer and rule the land from eastern Europe to North Africa and Arabia
Led by Mehmed II, Ottomans conquer Constantinople and make this the new capital
Mecca and Medina accept Ottoman rule
Empire reached its height under Suleyman I, he took control of the eastern Mediterranean

23. The Safavid Empire
It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia
The Safavid Empire was a theocracy
The Empire's economic strength came from its location on the trade routes
Empire lasted until the mid-1700s

24. Sunni vs. Shi’a
The state religion of the Safavid Empire was Shi'a Islam
All other religions, and forms of Islam were suppressed
Shi’a Muslims believe all caliphs must be a descendent of Muhammad.
Sunni Muslims believed that caliphs did not have to descend from Muhammad.

25. The Mughal Empire
Established in 1526 by Babur - Turkish Muslims from Central Asia
Mid-1500s emperor Akbar conquered new lands and strengthened the government
He began a tolerant religious policy
Known for works of architecture
Late 1600’s an emperor reversed tolerant policies and empire fell apart

26. Section 4 – Cultural Achievements

27. Astronomy
Muslims studies the stars, moon, and sun – improves clock making and time
Improved the astrolabe – used to figure out location on the earth

28. Geography Geographers made more accurate maps
Developed better ways of calculating distances

29. Math
Combined the Indian number system with the Greek science of Mathematics
Laid the foundation of modern algebra
“Arabic” numerals – numbers we use today

30. Medicine Combined Greek and Indian knowledge with their own
Started the first pharmacy school
Discovered how to treat smallpox
Wrote a medical encyclopedia

31. Philosophy Studied philosophy of rational thought
Sufism – movement of individuals who believe they can find god love by having a personal relationship with him

32. Literature
Poetry – influence by Sufi, focused on Muslims loyalty to God
Short stories – legendary characters Sinbad, Aladdin, and Ali Baba

33. Arts Architecture – the most important Muslim art form
Built mosques, palaces, marketplaces, and libraries that include domes, arches, colored bricks, and decorative tiles
Art does not show any people or animals
Used calligraphy – fancy writing