1. CHAPTER 2: Understanding Structure

2. Objectives 2  Learn about the features of unstructured spaghetti code  Understand the three basic structures: sequence, selection, and loop  Use a priming read  Appreciate the need for structure  Recognize structure  Learn about three special structures: case, do-while, and do-until

3. Spaghetti Code 3  Spaghetti code: logically snarled program statements  Can be the result of poor program design  Spaghetti code programs often work, but are difficult to read and maintain  Convoluted logic usually requires more code

4. Structure 4  Structure: basic unit of programming logic  Any program can be constructed from only three basic types of structures  Sequence Perform actions in order No branching or skipping any task  Selection (decision) Ask a question, take one of two actions Dual-alternative or single-alternative  Loop Repeat actions based on answer to a question

5. Structures Sequence Selection Repeat

6. Selection  Dual-alternative if: contains two alternatives if someCondition is true then do oneProcess else do theOtherProcess  Single-alternative if if employee belongs to dentalPlan then deduct $40 from employeeGrossPay

7. Loop  Loop structure while testCondition continues to be true do someProcess while quantityInInventory remains low continue to orderItems

8. Stacking  All logic problems can be solved using only these three structures  Structures can be combined in an infinite number of ways  Stacking: attaching structures end-to-end  End-structure statements: indicate the end of a structure  The endif statement ends an if-then-else structure  The endwhile ends a loop structure

9. Stacking

10. Nesting  Any individual task or step in a structure can be replaced by a structure  Nesting: placing one structure within another  Indent the nested structure’s statements  Block: group of statements that execute as a single unit

11. Nesting

12. IMPORTANT  Each structure has one entry and one exit point  Structures attach to others only at entry or exit points

13. Using the Priming Read (continued)  Unstructured loop Figure 2-12 Unstructured flowchart of a number-doubling program

14. Using the Priming Read (continued)  Structured but nonfunctional loop Figure 2-15 Structured, but nonfunctional, flowchart of number-doubling problem

15. Using the Priming Read (continued)  Functional but nonstructured loop Figure 2-16 Functional, but nonstructured, flowchart

16. Using the Priming Read (continued)  Functional and structured loop Figure 2-17 Functional, structured flowchart and pseudocode for the number-doubling problem

17. Using the Priming Read (continued)  Priming read sets up the process so the loop can be structured  To analyze a flowchart’s structure, try writing pseudocode for it start get inputNumber while not eof calculatedAnswer = inputNumber * 2 print calculatedAnswer get inputNumber endwhile stop

18. Understanding the Reasons for Structure  Provides clarity  Professionalism  Efficiency  Ease of maintenance  Supports modularity