1. IGP-4

2.  Low productivity (Rice-Wheat 4-5 t/ha) - low to medium potential  Poor investment in infrastructure  Medium-high precipitation  High potential for cold water fisheries and livestock  Degradation of Land and water resources  Deficient human capital combined with high out-migration  Downstream environmental constraints  Low population density  Low productivity (Rice-Wheat 4-5 t/ha) - low to medium potential  Poor investment in infrastructure  Medium-high precipitation  High potential for cold water fisheries and livestock  Degradation of Land and water resources  Deficient human capital combined with high out-migration  Downstream environmental constraints  Low population density

3.  High Productivity (R-W: 8-12 t/ha) - Food surplus region  High investment in infrastructure  Major inputs of fertilizer and water  Low - Medium rainfall, Low per capita water availability  Over exploitation of ground water (>80 %)  Well developed irrigated network  Secondary salinization  Severe ground water quality hazards  Severe to moderate drought prone areas  In-migration of labour  Medium-high population density  High Productivity (R-W: 8-12 t/ha) - Food surplus region  High investment in infrastructure  Major inputs of fertilizer and water  Low - Medium rainfall, Low per capita water availability  Over exploitation of ground water (>80 %)  Well developed irrigated network  Secondary salinization  Severe ground water quality hazards  Severe to moderate drought prone areas  In-migration of labour  Medium-high population density  Low Productivity (4-8 t/ha) - Food deficit region  Low investment in infrastructure  Low inputs of fertilizer and water  Medium - High rainfall, More per capita water availability  Underutilization of ground water (< 20 %)  Very few developed irrigation network  Coastal salinity and sea water intrusion  Moderate water quality hazards  High risk of flooding, poor drainage and moderate drought  Out-migration of labour to other regions  High population density  Low Productivity (4-8 t/ha) - Food deficit region  Low investment in infrastructure  Low inputs of fertilizer and water  Medium - High rainfall, More per capita water availability  Underutilization of ground water (< 20 %)  Very few developed irrigation network  Coastal salinity and sea water intrusion  Moderate water quality hazards  High risk of flooding, poor drainage and moderate drought  Out-migration of labour to other regions  High population density

4. IGB Potential and Productivity AgricultureForestryFisheriesLivestock PotProdPotProdPotProdPotProd UCL-MLH HLHL WIGPM-H LLLLH EIGPHLMLHMML

6. AGRICULTURE PROFILE OF THE STATE : AT A GLANCE Geographical location Latitude21º58’10” North to 27º31’15” North Longitude83º19’15” East to 88º17’40” East Elevation from Sea level53 meter Total geographical area of the State is 93.60 lakh hect. Land use classification of the State is given below :- Lakh hect. (i)Forest6.16 (ii)Barren & non-cultivatable land4.37 (iii)Land put to non-agriculture uses16.35 (iv)Cultural Waste land0.48 (v)Permanent pasture0.18 (vi)Area under misc. Crops2.30 (vii)Other fallow (2 to 5 years)1.41 (viii)Current fallow5.95 (ix)Net area sown56.38 (x)Total cropped area80.26 (xi)Area sown more than once 23.58 (xii)Density of population884/sq. km.

7. CONSTRAINTS Low productivity of Crops in Bihar YearPaddyWheatMaizePulsesOilseeds StateNationalStateNationa l StateNation al StateNationa l Stat e Nationa l 1993-199414.1518.8821.3023.8021.5016.027.095.987.057.00 1994-199513.5219.1121.0825.5920.6114.487.386.107.078.43 1995-199612.1817.9720.0624.8320.1415.956.155.526.848.51 1996-199715.9518.8222.0926.7922.3517.208.356.35 9.26 1997-199814.9019.0019.6124.8519.7217.117.295.677.388.16 1998-199914.5413.2120.9125.9019.5417.559.106.348.559.44 1999-200015.4319.9022.0327.5922.3717.857.966.307.328.56 2000-200114.8919.2721.7327.4224.5418.068.355.537.447.90 2001-200214.65-20.65-25.04-7.88-7.28- 2002-2003 Last estimate 13.66-19.00-21.09-7.78-7.28- 2003-2004 Third estimate 14.90-20.34-22.74-8.53-8.11-

8. Low level of Input Use (Per Hectare consumption of fertilizer) Year 2001 – 2002 Sl. No. StateFertilizer Consumption (N:P:K)/hect. 1Haryana155.68 2Punjab173.38 3Uttar Pradesh130.44 4Andhra Pradesh143.47 5Bihar87.39

10. Low level of Consumption of Electricity (MKWH) Sl. No. StateConsumption of Agricultural Purposes Total Consumptio n % Share of Agriculture 1Andhra Pradesh117482710043.45 2Bihar15491148513.52 3Punjab55341944128.47 4Haryana56351005145.12 5Uttar Pradesh52602573220.44

11. Low level of Procurement of Foodgrain (Unit : In Thousand MT) Sl. No. State2002 – 20032003 – 2004 WheatRiceWheatRice 1Punjab9880793989388626 2Uttar Pradesh2110136012132115 3Haryana5888132551221324 4Bihar411581186

12. Basic economic features: Bihar vs India ItemBiharIndia Agriculture as % of GDP (1997-98)43.826.5 Rural population as % of total population (2001) 89.572.2 Human population density (per sq. km) 1991 2001 685 880 267 324 Livestock density (per ha.) 1992 census 2.851.84

13. Income, Poverty and Literacy status in Bihar vs India ParticularsBihar (Rs.) India (Rs.) Per capita income (at 1993-04 prices)35748941 Per capita agricultural income (at 1993-94 prices) 15082552 Value of output from agriculture per ha. (at 1993-94 prices) 593911839 Rural poverty (1999-2000)40.07 %27.09 % Literacy34.73 %52.21 %

14. Growth rates of major crops in Bihar (Area in 000'ha, Production in MT and Yield in Tonnes /ha.) CropsParticulars1980-901990-991980-99 RiceArea0.56-0.89-0.56 Production4.066.752.87 Yield3.487.713.45 WheatArea1.013.134.38 Production3.744.922.15 Yield2.701.740.72 MaizeArea-2.653.700.72 Production3.833.135.42 Yield6.66-0.554.66 PotatoArea0.881.581.30 Production3.17-1.752.05 Yield 2.27 -3.29 0.74 SugarcaneArea0.68-1.630.41 Production6.23-5.032.51 Yield5.50-3.452.09 MoongArea1.40-2.49-0.16 Production0.54-3.46-0.58 Yield-0.85-0.99-0.42 PigeonpeaArea-4.80-0.98-2.87 Production-2.87-4.04-3.20 Yield2.03-3.08-0.34

15. Agroclimatic zones of Bihar The state falls in the middle-Gangetic plains region. It is sub- divided into three agro-ecological sub-zones. These are, Northwest Alluvial Plains (Zone-I). North-East Alluvial Plains (Zone-11) and South Bihar Alluvial Plains (Zone-Ill A and III B).

16. Ground water resources and Irrigation potential in Bihar (1995) SI. No ParticularsZone-IZone-HZone-IllBihar 1.Total Ground water resources (MCM)10714.156544.3310791.4626049.94 2.Utilizable groundwater resources (MCM9107.345562.729323.7723993.83 3.Net Annual Draft (MCM)2414.851093.721837.285345.85 4.Ground water Balance (MCM)6692.495459.007486.4918647.98 5.Stage of Ground water development and category 56.51 (White) 19.66 (White) 19.70 (White) 22.28 (White) 6.Net Irrigation requirement (M)0.65 0.451.75 7.Potential created upto March' 95371510170537389198931243 8.Additional Irrigation after full exploitation (ha) 102957570598116700233405579 9.Ultimate Irrigation potential14010858765182059224336824

17. Zone-wise and source-wise Gross Irrigated Area in Bihar ( Year -1998 ) (Area in 'OOOha) SI. No. SourceZone-IZone-IIZone-IIIBihar 1.Canal277.26 (20.49) 159.79 (17.17) 840.77 (37.35) 1277.82 (28.18) 2.Ponds & Tanks 102.24 (7.56) 5.63 (0.60) 38.3 (1.7) 146.17 (3.22) 3.Electric tube wells56.47 (4.17) 15.31 (1.65) 309.85 (13.77) 381.64 (8.64) 4.Diesel tube wells801.59 (59.24) 687.62 (73.90) 561.26 (24.94) 2050.47 (45.22) 5.Wells7.33 (0.54) 1.44 (0.15) 15.82 (0.70) 24.58 (0.54) 6.Other sources108.26 (8.0) 60.72 (6.53) 484.86) (21.54 653.84 (14.42) 7.Gross Irrigated Area1353.16930.512250.864534.52

18. Agro-ecological characteristics of Bihar (Area in '000 ha.) Agro- ecologica l Zone Geogr a­ phical Area Net sown Area Croppi ng Intensi ty Rainf all Soils and topographyPopulation density Animal density Literac y Poverty I32612153142.171122Heavy textured sandy loam to clayey, medium, acidic, flood prone. 10732.7345.2050.83 II19861255158.431387Light to medium textured slightly acidic, sandy loam to salty clay loam with saline/ alkaline patches. 5181.5237.9853.35 III41122195135.111104Old alluvium sandy loam to clayey, large tal and Diara area. Slightly alkaline patches. 10653.8355.0142.07 Bihar93605603143.051234 8802.8347.4248.05

19. Thanks

20. Summary of agro-ecological situations of Patna District SI. No. AESSoil characteristics Principal crops as % of gross cropped area in the AES Major cropping system 1AES-I Tal land Heavy soils, clay loam to clay in texture. Deep cracking in summers. Maize-1.2 Paddy-0.1 Lentil 70.08 Gram- 2.6 Oilseed-5.3 Wheat-9.2 Lathyrus-10.3 Fallow-Lentil Fallow-Gram Fallow-Lathyrus Fallow- Oilseeds Fallow-Wheat Maize / Paddy-Wheat 2AES-II Diara land Rain fed /irrigated light soils (Sandy loam to loam). Maize -50.5 Arhar-9.7 Cucurbits-15.3 Wheat-45.3 Maize-21.8 Potato-12.6 Vegetable-5.2 Linseed- 3.2 Maize-Wheat-Fallow Maize- Potato-Fallow Maize- Vegetable-Cucurbits Cucurbits-Wheat Cucurbits- Maize-Oilseeds 3AES-III Jalla land Medium heavy to heavy soils, clay loam to clay in texture. Paddy-20.1 Maize-10.3 Vegetables-8.8 Wheat-20.2 Lentil-19.8 Gram-10.3 Onion- 40.5 Potato-35.2 Paddy-Wheat-Onion Maize- Potato-Onion Vegetable- Wheat-Onion Paddy-Gram- Potato 4AES-IV Irrigated plains Medium to heavy soil. Rice -95.2 Wheat-35.33 Lathyrus- 9.73 Gram-3.32 Lentil-25.52 Potato-12.36 Vegetable-1.36 Maize-2.88 Linseed-1.3 6 Mustard-1.2 Baseem-2.5 Pea-5.0 Paddy-Wheat Paddy- Lathyrus Paddy-Potato- Moong Paddy-Wheat-Paddy Fallow-Potato-Paddy Maize- Oilseed-Vegetable Vegetable- Wheat-Vegetable Paddy- Berseem 5AES-V Rainfed plains Medium to heavy soil. Rice-95.0 Wheat-50.5 Lathyrus- 2.3 Gram-3.7 Lentil- 39.7 Maize-2.7 Linseed-1.2 Mustard-2.7 Paddy-Wheat Paddy-Lentil/ Gram / Lathyrus Paddy- Maize Paddy-Mustard Paddy-Linseed

21. Administrative setup of Patna district Sl. No Subdivisio ns Blocks attached to them 1.Patna SadarPatna Sadar, Phulwarisharif, Sampatchak 2.Patna CityFatuha, Khusrupur, Daniyanvan 3.DanapurDanapur. Bihta, Maner, Naubatpur 4.MasaurhiMasaurhi, Dhanarua. Punpun 5.PaliganjBikram, Dulhinbazar, Paliganj 6.BarhBakhtiarpur, Athamalgola, Belchi, Pandarak, Barh, Mokama,Ghoswari.

22. 5 AES of Patna District Agro-ecologically South Bihar Alluvial Plains Zone III B is spread south of river Ganga. Physiographically it is almost plain alluvium, but to the south of the natural levee of Ganga, there is a parallel stretch of Diara land receiving flash floods. At the eastern end of the district there are stretches of Tal lands where backwaters of Ganga River stagnate in low lands during Kharif season floods, between September-December every year. Tal lands extend from Fatuha to Mokameh blocks in the district, where most natural drainage systems, i.e., rivers from south, simply vanish.

23. Block wise Cultivated Area (Ha.) in Different AES of Patna District (in ha.) (2001-02)

24. Tal : o Low-lying area separated from the river Ganga by its natural levee. o Inundated on the onset of monsoons, as the riverbed swells with the backwaters of the river pond in this area. o After late September, the water starts receding from higher reaches and drains completely by the middle of December. o The soils are grey, medium heavy-to-heavy in texture, very poor in drainage and crack widely on drying. o Major crops during Rabi season crops like lentil, and gram with no crop possible during Kharif due to submergence. o The cultivated land under this segment is 30209.06 ha., contributing 15.02 % land to the district.

25. Diara o Natural levees of river Ganga or its abandoned channels nearby. o These are subject to flash floods during monsoons, resulting in either erosion or deposition of soil every year. o Soil is light in colour and texture, well drained and crops are mostly taken during Rabi. o Choice of Kharif (liable to be washed off) and summer (mostly vegetables) crops depend upon type of Diara. Enterprising farmers are developing irrigation facilities on stable Diaras for crops and some have even gone for orchards like mango, guava etc. o Parval is an important vegetable crop among cucurbits and farmers are earning from selling its root cuttings as planting material. o This area is about 16344.98 ha., in the district contributing 8.12 % to the cultivated land.

26. Jalla o These are similar to Tal lands, but are a bit shallower, getting partial and short duration inundation in parts by the river Punpun and its tributaries. o Due to its proximity to Patna town, it also receives drainage water of the city. o Though it is highly fertile, it carries some harmful chemicals along with heavy metals that enter the food chain. o This area is mostly known for its vegetable cultivation besides pulses and more recently for potato and onion. o This constitutes only 1.74 % (i.e., 3508.50 ha.,) of cultivated area in the district.

27. Irrigated Plains o These areas have assured irrigation facilities either through Sone command system or through state or private owned tubewells. o This part of the district has good, well-drained soils and the farmers follow predominantly Rice-Wheat rotation. o The private tubewell owners seldom irrigate rice crop. Some vegetables, spices and flowers are also grown in this area. o The cultivated area under this AES is 67637.24 ha., constituting 33.63 % of the net cultivated area. o Although this area is most affected by extremism and class wars, it has the highest potential in terms of number of enterprises possible.

28. Rainfed plains o These have climate and soils similar to irrigated plains and mainly follow the same cropping sequence by and large but they lack assured irrigation facility. o Availability of water mostly decides the choice of Rabi crops. o This covers a significant 83403.85 ha., i.e., 41.47 percent of the cultivated area. o The AES has immense scope for diversification.