1. Logical Arguments and Effective Persuasion Appeals, Concerns, Counterclaims and Biases

2. Appeals in Persuasive Essays and Speeches Three basic strategies used in persuasion are: appeal to reason, appeal to audience/reader emotion, and appeal to audience/reader needs. Speakers/writers should remember their ethical responsibilities and not use dishonest or misleading persuasive appeals. This will also weaken one’s argument.

3. Types of Appeal ETHOS (Needs/ethics): kind of person you are -- your education, honesty, reputation, or those of your cited sources LOGOS (Logic): appeals to the rational intellect -- proving that we need a change PATHOS (Emotion): appeals to our passions and will; using emotional proofs -- appealing to deeply held values and feelings

4. Addressing Concerns, Counterclaims and Biases When arguing a claim/persuading a reader, you must be sure to anticipate the objections and counterarguments that would be made to your claim/solution. These counterclaims should be addressed directly by stating what concerns, opposing viewpoints and biases may be present in the issue at hand and then explaining why they are either invalid or inferior to your argument.

5. Concerns Ask yourself if there are any concerns that may arise for your reader about the issue you are addressing. What problems, weaknesses or consequences are present? How can you refute those in support of your solution?

6. Bias Bias: a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment; an instance of such prejudice.  By addressing biases present in your argument, you are able to defend and strengthen your claim.  Explain what the biases are, and how they are avoided or solved with your argument.