1. Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration
Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation
Section 2 Aerobic Respiration

2. Objectives Identify the two major steps of cellular respiration.
Describe the major events in glycolysis.
Compare lactic acid fermentation with alcoholic fermentation.
Calculate the efficiency of glycolysis.

3. Harvesting Chemical Energy
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down organic compounds to produce ATP.
Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO2 and water from organic compounds and O2.
The products of cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynthesis; conversely, the products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can be divided into two stages: glycolysis and aerobic respiration.

4. Photosynthesis-Cellular Respiration Cycle

5. Glycolysis (anaerobic)
Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis, which takes place in the cytosol of cells.
During glycolysis, one six-carbon glucose molecule is oxidized to form two three-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
A net yield of two ATP molecules two NADH molecules is produced for every molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis.

6. Glycolysis

8. Fermentation
If oxygen is not present, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The combination of glycolysis and these additional pathways is fermentation.
Fermentation does not produce ATP, but it does regenerate NAD+, which allows for the continued production of ATP through glycolysis.

9. Cellular Respiration Versus Fermentation

10. Lactic Acid Fermentation
In lactic acid fermentation, an enzyme converts pyruvic acid into another three-carbon compound, called lactic acid.
It involves the transfer of one hydrogen atom from NADH and the addition of one free proton to pyruvic acid.
The resulting NAD+ is then used in glycolysis again (regenerated).

11. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Fermentation is used to produce cheese, yoghurt, cream..

12. Alcoholic Fermentation
Some plants and unicellular organisms, such as yeast, use a process called alcoholic fermentation to convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2.
It occurs in 2 steps. In the 1st step, a CO2 molecule is removed from pyruvic acid leaving a two-carbon compound.
In the 2nd step, two hydrogen atoms (from NADH and H+) are added to form ethyl alcohol.
NAD+ is regenerated for use in glycolysis.

13. Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation by yeast cells is the basis in wine and beer industry.
Bread making are depends on alcoholic fermentation performed by yeast cells. CO2 makes the dough rise.

14. Two types of fermentation

15. Fermentation
Through glycolysis, only about 2 percent of the energy available from the oxidation of glucose is captured as ATP.
Much of the energy originally contained in glucose is still held in pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis alone or as part of fermentation is not very efficient at transferring energy from glucose to ATP.

16. Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

17. Efficiency of glycolysis
The complete oxidation of a standard amount of glucose releases 686 Kcal.
A standard amount of ATP contains 7kcal.

18. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration
Objectives:
Relate aerobic respiration to the structure of a mitochondrion.
Summarize the events of the Krebs cycle.
Summarize the events of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Calculate the efficiency of aerobic respiration.
Contrast the roles of glycolysis and aerobic respiration in cellular respiration.

19. Overview of Aerobic Respiration
In eukaryotic cells, the processes of aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondria. Aerobic respiration only occurs if oxygen is present in the cell.
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The electron transport chain (which is associated with chemiosmosis) is located in the inner membrane.

20. The Krebs Cycle
In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Then, acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
One glucose molecule is completely broken down in two turns of the Krebs cycle. These two turns produce four CO2 molecules, two ATP molecules, and hydrogen atoms that are used to make six NADH and two FADH2 molecules.
The bulk of the energy released by the oxidation of glucose still has not been transferred to ATP.

21. Krebs Cycle

22. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
High-energy electrons in hydrogen atoms from NADH and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH2) are passed from molecule to molecule in the electron transport chain along the inner mitochondrial membrane.

23. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
Protons (hydrogen ions, H+) are also given up by NADH and FADH2.
As the electrons move through the electron transport chain, they lose energy. This energy is used to pump protons from the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
The resulting high concentration of protons creates a concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient across the inner membrane.

24. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
As protons move through ATP synthase and down their concentration and electrical gradients, ATP is produced. Oxygen combines with the electrons and protons to form water.

25. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
The Importance of Oxygen
ATP can be synthesized by chemiosmosis only if electrons continue to move along the electron transport chain.
By accepting electrons from the last molecule in the electron transport chain, oxygen allows additional electrons to pass along the chain.
As a result, ATP can continue to be made through chemiosmosis.

26. Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration can produce up to 38 ATP molecules from the oxidation of a single molecule of glucose. Most eukaryotic cells produce about 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.
Thus, cellular respiration is nearly 20 times more efficient than glycolysis alone.

27. Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
Each NADH molecule can generate 3 ATP molecules.
Each FADH2 molecule can generate 2 ATP molecules.
The 10 NADH and 4 FADH2 molecules from glycolysis, conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle can produce up to 34 ATP.

28. A Summary of Cellular Respiration
Another Role of Cellular Respiration
Providing cells with ATP is not the only important function of cellular respiration.
Molecules formed at different steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are often used by cells to make compounds that are missing in food.

29. A Summary of Cellular Respiration