1. An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871
Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

2. Timeline

3. The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic Empire
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire
Used nationalistic & liberal forces to bolster his power
National Assembly rejected his call for revision of constitution to allow him to stand for reelection
Responded by seizing government by force (use of military)
Restored universal male suffrage and asked the people to restructure the French government by electing him president for 10 years so the empire be restored
Assumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852

4. The Second Napoleonic Empire
Authoritarian government
Early domestic policies
Economic prosperity
Used government spending to stimulate the economy
Reconstruction of Paris
Built railroads, harbors, roads, & canals
Built hospitals & housing for the people
Baron Haussmann
Modernized Paris
Wider streets, sewage system, water supply, gaslights
Liberalization of the regime in the face of opposition
Legalized trade unions
Strengthened power of the government

5. Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure
Sent troops to Mexico in 1861 to intervene in struggle between Mexican liberals and conservatives
Wanted Mexican markets for French goods
French forces remained after order had been restored
Installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor in 1864
French troops were needed in Europe
Maximilian overthrown and executed in 1867

6. Foreign policy: Crimean War
The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Encroachment of the Russian Empire
Loss of territory
The War
Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French)
Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia
Turks declare war, October 4, 1853
Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
Austria remains neutral & does give the military support Russia was counting on
War ends in March, 1856 (Treaty of Paris)
High death count on both sides due to disease
Political effects of the war
Destroys the Concert of Europe
Austria & Russia now enemies
Russia withdraws from European affairs, so does Britain
Sets the stage for German & Italian unification

7. Map 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman Empire

8. The Crimean War

9. National Unification: Italy
Kingdom of Piedmont
Victor Emmanuel II ( ) of Kingdom of Piedmont
Count Camillo di Cavour ( )
Napoleon III’s alliance with Piedmont, 1858
War with Austria, 1859
Northern states join Piedmont
Guiseppi Garibaldi ( )
The Red Shirts
Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861
Annexation of Venetia, 1866
Annexation of Rome, 1870

10. Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy

11. National Unification: Germany
Zollverein, German customs union which began to unite German states economically
William I,
Wanted military reforms – planned to double the army’s size
Otto von Bismarck ( )
Reorganization of the army
Realpolitik – political realist, ruling by opportunity, not ideology
The Danish War (1864)
Bismarck always fought an isolated opponent
Schleswig and Holstein
Austria & Germany defeated Denmark & split control of the two territories
Joint administration with Austria

12. Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Russia remains neutral out of anger over Austria not helping them in the Crimean War
Bismarck buys French neutrality by promising him land
Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866
Prussian breech-loading needle gun had a faster rate of fire
Prussian troops moved faster due to network of railroads
Signed an easy peace with Austria to avoid creating a hostile enemy
North German Confederation – organized states, signed a military alliance with Southern states (mainly Catholic)
Bismarck proved nationalism & authoritarian government could be combined successfully
King & Chancellor (Bismarck) held the real power, but two houses of Parliament had elected officials from the German States

13. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Two major powers in continental Europe were bound to clash (Prussia & France)
Dispute with France over the throne of Spain
Throne was offered to distant relative of Prussian King
Bismarck edited a telegram from the king to goad the French into war
French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
Entire French army & Napoleon III are captured
Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
France paid 5 billion francs
Gave up provinces of Alsace & Lorraine to Germany
Southern German states join Northern German Confederation
William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire

14. Map 22. 3: The Unification of Germany

15. Map 22.4: Europe in 1871

16. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
Creates a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Each monarchy had a separate constitution & legislature
German speaking Austrians and Hungarian Magyars dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
Some things in held in common
Army
Finances
Foreign policy

17. Map 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

18. Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881
Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
Peasants could own property, marry as they chose, & file suits in a court of law
Problems with emancipation
Government bought land from nobles & sold it to the peasants with long term installment plans
Land was often the worst available
Peasants worked for gov. instead of nobles
Zemstvos (local assemblies)
Dominated by noble landowners
Created a local system of courts & judicial code of equality before the law
Growing dissatisfaction
Conservatives & liberals were upset with reforms
Assassination of Alexander II (1881)
Populism – student & intellectual group looking to create a new society through revolutionary acts
Alexander is shot & killed by another radical group known as the People’s Will
Alexander III ( )
Return to traditional methods of repression

19. Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Did not experience revolts in 1848
Reforms
Economic growth
Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age
Symbol of high morals and national pride – Victorian Age
Benjamin Disraeli ( )
Tory (Conservative) Party leader
Extension of voting rights
Reform Act, 1867
Lowered voting requirements (taxes paid or income earned)
More male urban workers could vote

20. William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874)
Leader of Liberal party (Whigs)
Liberal reforms
Civil Service Exams
Secret Ballot
Education Act of 1870
Attempted to provide free public education at the elementary school level

21. Nation Building: North America
The United States: Civil War and Reunion
Differences between North and South
The cotton economy
Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860
Civil War,
North has the advantage
Grant and Lee and the war’s end
Emergence of the Canadian Nation
By 1800 want more autonomy
By 1837 several groups rebelled
The Dominion of Canada, 1867

22. Map 22.6: The United States: The West and the Civil War

23. Industrialization on the Continent
Continental industrialization comes of age (1850 – 1871)
Mechanization of textile and cotton industries
Growth of iron and coal industries
Fueled by the expansion of railroads
1850 – 14,500 miles of track in Europe
1870 – 70,000 miles of track in Europe
Elimination of trade barriers stimulated economic growth
Government support and financing
Joint-stock investment banks were crucial to stimulation of industrial development

24. Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), The Communist Manifesto, 1848
History is the history of class struggle
Stages of history
End result of history is a classless society
“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!”
After 1848 Revolutions, Marx went to London
Marx, Das Kapital (writing on political economy)
International Working Men’s Association, 1864
Organization for working-class interests

25. A New Age of Science
Development of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy
Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease
1863 – Pasteurization, process of heating a product to destroy organisms causing spoilage
Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights
Michael Faraday – generator
Science and Materialism

26. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859
All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time
Those who survived had adapted to the environment
The Descent of Man, 1871
Discussed the humans origin from animals
Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted
Later applied to society with social darwinsim

27. A Revolution in Health Care
Pasteur and Germs
New Surgical Practices
Joseph Lister
New Public Health Care Measures
Public hygiene
New Medical Schools
Women and Medical Schools
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910)

28. Science and the Study of Society
Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857)
System of Positive Philosophy
Positive knowledge
Primacy of sociology

29. Realism in Literature and Art
The Realistic Novel
Rejected Romanticism
Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857
William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848
Charles Dickens ( )
Realism in Art
Gustave Courbet ( )
Portrayal of everyday life
Jean-Francois Millet ( )
Scenes from rural life

30. Music: The Twilight of Romanticism
Franz Liszt (1811 – 1886)
New German School
Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883)
Development of a national opera
Ring of the Nibelung