1. U.S. Diplomacy: From Semi-Internationalism and Isolationism to War

2. Semi Internationalism Europe: No Strategic Commitment through Versailles or Bilateral Collective Security Arrangements Examples include Dawes Plan, Young Plan, and Kellogg-Briand Pact Asia: Dollar Diplomacy and Disarmament: Examples include Washington Naval Pact and Second Banking Consortium

3. Problems with reparations Linked to War Guilt Clause (Kriegsschuldfrage) Reparations Commission sets amount and payments schedule 1921 Germany makes first payments, then defaults Belgians and French seize Ruhr area (industrial heartland) To support population, Weimar Republic turns on the printing presses Finishes great decade of inflation 1914 4.2 RM = $1 1923 4.2 Billion RM = $1

5. Implications French and Belgians enforce the Versailles System Occupation ended with intercession of Charles Dawes and Dawes Plan War debts still not forgiven: Europeans link forgiveness of Reparation on War Debts Furthers radicalization of German politics and further undermines Weimar Republic Example: Murders of Weimar Ministers by right wing extremists Example: Middle class proletarianized by inflation

6. Charles Dawes

7. Reparations, War Loans American Bonds Snafu

8. The Washington System in Asia Washington Naval Conferences, 1921-1922 Link demilitarization with Open Door and a re- emergence of “dollar diplomacy” US investment in China and Japan Supported Japanese Civilian Governments Problem: Worked so long as American money flowed Problem: Intersected with Revolution in China

9. Legacy of World War I in Asia 1914: Japanese occupy Shandong Peninsula 1915: 21 Demands May 4, 1919: News of Versailles settlement reaches China 1921: Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Founded 1924-1927: First United Front: Guomindong (GMD) and CCP cooperate against foreigners 1927: Northern Expedition and White Terror 1934-1935: Long March

10. The Great Depression 1927 Tokyo Stock Market Crashes 1928 Berlin Stock Market Crashes 1929 New York Stock Market Crashes 1930-1933 Banking Crises spread world wide

11. Impacts In Asia: Down fall of the “Washington System” Japanese Militarists control government 1931 Mukden Incident: Manchurian Invasion New puppet state: Manchukuo 1936: Xian Incident 1937: Marco Polo Bridge Incident: World War II begins in Asia Rape of Nanjing 1937-1945: Second United Front

12. The Beginnings of Co-Prosperity

14. In Europe Breakdown of Versailles System Hitler seizes power 1933 Hitler moves to overturn Versailles System: Rearmament, leaves the League, Remilitarization of Rhineland, Anschluss with Austria, Munich Conference September 1, 1939: War in Poland

15. The Versailles System

16. Hitler’s Revisions to the Versailles System

17. Vienna Nazis Welcome Hitler

18. The Realities of Nazi Aggression

19. American Responses Economic Nationalism: Fordney-McCumber 1922 and Smoot-Hawley 1930 No Collective Security Agreements in Europe Non-Recognition of Japanese Aggression (Stimson Doctrine) FDR refuses cooperation with London Economic Conference “Good Neighbor” policy in Latin America

20. American Responses Continued Nye Committee and Neutrality Legislation, 1934-1937: Cash and Carry, Arms Embargo FDR Wins Third Term. Pledges to keep America out of the war 1939-1941: Measures short of war: Peacetime Conscription 1940, renewed 1941 Destroyers for Bases and Lend Lease 1940-1941 (Extended to Russia, June 1941) Atlantic Charter, August 1941 Undeclared Naval War v. Germany War through the back door: Hull-Nomura and Pearl Harbor Fall 1941

21. Politics of the Second Front American Strategy: Europe First Soviet Goals British Goals Turning Point: Stalingrad, August 1942- February 1943 American Fears: Nightmare of a Closed World

22. World War II in Europe

23. War Time Conferences Churchill comes to Washington, 1942 Teheran 1943: Stalin, FDR, Churchill Cairo and Quebec: Unconditional Surrender and Morgenthau Plan Yalta February 1945: Declaration on Liberated Europe Dumbarton Oakes: United Nations Breton Woods: World Bank, IMF, GATT Global Economic policy: No more 1930s

24. Post War Europe

25. The War in the Pacific Early Japanese offensives Early US Victories: Midway and Guadalcanal Two Plans: Army (MacArthur) v. Navy (King) Jiang Jieshi and General Joseph Stilwell in China: FDR’s fantasy of Republican China Island Hopping: Saipan, Iwo Jima, Okinawa Blockade and bombing: Tokyo February 1945 The Manhattan Project, Russia enters the war, and Hiroshima

26. The War in Asia

27. Ambrose’s Thesis Where are the soldiers when the shooting stops? Why does this matter?