1. The Road to Confederation

2. 1850 – 1867: Road to Canadian Confederation There were a number of issues affecting the British North American colonies, from within and beyond the colonies borders. Factors of Leading to Confederation 1.Fear of Annexation (USA) 2.Trade Barriers & Reciprocity 3.Changing British Attitudes 4.Transportation (Railways) 5.Fenian Raids 6.Political Deadlock City of Ottawa, Canada West – ca. 1859 Starting in the 1850s calls for a federal union of all British colonies in North America began to get stronger. It was seen by many as a way to strengthen the colonies and to deal with the many problems that had arisen since the Act of Union in 1840.

3. John A. Macdonald Sir John A. was: the first prime minister of Canada and the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation. he received and deserves much of the credit for forming the new nation he was a skilled orator and debater he was a conservative he was a raging alcoholic too

4. Fear of Annexation Manifest Destiny – US belief that it is their God given right to rule all of North America American Civil War – 1860-1865 Past American wars resulted in invasion of Canada and a united nation would serve as a better defense Britain supports the south (who lost) Fenian Raids (1866) Irish Catholics in US were committed to freeing Ireland from British rule Canada was closest way to get to Britain The raids failed but drew attention to the need to defend the border

5. Expensive Railways Transportation – Railways Railways were needed to build links between colonies for trade Financing the railways was expensive and needed to be shared amongst the colonies The Grand Trunk Railway joins Montreal and Toronto but a cost of - $72 million Q. How do railways change society? Q. Where do people want to go?

6. Trade Barriers & Reciprocity Reciprocity = Free Trade 1854 – Lord Elgin negotiates an agreement with US 1866 – Reciprocity Agreement ends – economy struggles – DEPRESSION Interprovincial trade is encouraged but “barriers” exist between colonies - Transportation- Tariffs (tax on imports)

7. Changing British Attitudes Sun never sets on the British Empire Colonies are expensive to run Defending colonies more expensive Mother country can’t always solve its colonies issues Br. Government supports idea of confederation Because English Canadians are first and foremost British loyalists, they find England’s support for confederation agreeable. In turn, they support it too (must be good, the Queen thinks it is….) Q. How do French Canadiens feel now and in the past?

8. Confederation Test Section One: Multiple Choice Questions Section Two: Matching Questions Section Three: Fill in the Blank Section Four: Paragraph Questions (Answer 2 of 3 Questions) 1. Identify and explain the external factors that led to Confederation. 2. Identify and explain the internal factors that led to Confederation.