2. fructose Monosaccharides Single (simple) sugars; quick energy Contain C, H, and O in 1:2:1 ratio Examples: Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 Carbohydrates Produced by plants during photosynthesis; contains C, H, O http://stemsystems.com/slides/common_sense/images/spaghetti.gif glucose

3. H H Disaccharides Double sugars Good source of energy Break down into simple sugars Maltose (glucose + glucose) Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose)

4. Examples: Starch- (plants) found in leaves, tubers… Glycogen- (animals) found in the liver and muscles Cellulose- (plants) make up cell walls Polysaccharides 3 or more sugars linked together Storage energy Complex sugars Starch

5. Cellulose Major building component of plant cell walls Long chain of glucose molecules; should be great source of energy, but… Humans cannot digest Missing the necessary enzyme Endosymbiotic protist in cow guts DOES have the enzyme

6. Proteins Made up of Amino Acids Important structural component of cells Examples: Enzymes, Hormones, Hemoglobin

7. 1.Amine Group 2.Hydrogen 4.“R” Group 3.Carboxyl Acid Group Amino Acids There are only _______ amino acids for all proteins 20

8. The 20 Amino Acids

9. http://homepages.i us.edu/GKIRCHNE /peptide.jpg Two amino acids bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction to form a peptide bond Several amino acids makes a polypeptide A protein contains hundreds (or more) of amino acids

10. Examples: Phospholipids, steroids, carotenoids (pigments) Lipids Fats and oils Contain H, C, and fewer O than carbs Twice the E per gram than carbs Long-term storage energy in animals http://www.rch.org.au/emplibrary/diabetesmanual/6_fatsOils.gif

11. Fatty Acids: Long carbon chains (12-38C) with a carboxyl group (-COOH) Carboxyl end (polar) is hydrophilic Hydrocarbon chains (non-polar) are hydrophobic Triglycerides Three molecules of fatty acids attached to one molecule of glycerol (see handout)

12. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fatty%20acid.jpg Saturated Fatty Acids No double bonds between carbons Unhealthy Usually solids; animal fats http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co mmons/thumb/4/45/NCI_butter.jpg/250px -NCI_butter.jpg

13. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fatty%20acid.jpg Unsaturated Fatty Acids Have at least one double bond Healthier, except trans fats (worst of all) Liquids- plant fats Substituting unsaturated for saturated reduces cholesterol levels http://cretashop.gr/br/imagesbr/pezaoil/popoil.jpg

14. Phospholipids Two (not three) fatty acids attached to glycerol Cell membranes are made of two layers of phospholipids( lipid bilayer) Head is hydrophilic; tail is hydrophobic http://personal.tmlp.com/Jimr57/textbook/chapter3/cms1.htm