1. Different Forms of Energy Chapter 3: Section 1

2. What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work (using force to move an object) or effect change Measured in Joules (J) 1 J = 1 N x 1m Comes in many forms Energy cannot be created nor destroyed In an isolated system, the total amount of energy remains constant.

3. Types of Energy Form of EnergyDescriptionExample of Sources Elastic EnergyEnergy stored in an object due to its compression or extension -Compressed spring -Stretched elastic Electrical EnergyEnergy resulting from the movement of electrons -Power Plant -Battery -Generator Thermal EnergyEnergy resulting from the random motion of particles in a substance -Fire -Heating element on stove -Sun Radiation EnergyEnergy stored in electromagnetic waves -Microwave -Sun -Cellphone -X-ray machines -Radio, TV Chemical EnergyEnergy stored in molecular bonds -Apple -Candle wax -Fossil fuels

4. Form of EnergyDescriptionExample of Sources Wind EnergyEnergy resulting from the movement of air -Wind Sound EnergyEnergy contained in sound waves -Sound -Music Hydraulic (hydro) EnergyEnergy resulting from the flow of water -waterfall -river -ocean currents Nuclear EnergyEnergy stored in the nucleus of an atom -nuclear fission (uranium)

5. Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can be transferred from one place to another. Energy can change form from one place to another. Ex: In photosynthesis, plants absorb solar energy which is then transformed into chemical energy (stored in the bonds of the glucose molecule)

6. Our modern lifestyle depends heavily on a series of energy transfers and transformations. Hydraulic energy  Mechanical energy  electrical energy  thermal, light, sound, mechanical energy

7. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed! It can only be transferred or transformed!

8. Energy Efficiency Human beings can build machines capable of changing energy from one form to another. Problem: The machines can rarely convert all of the energy it consumed into a useful form. Examples: A light bulb only converts 5% of the electrical energy consumed into light energy. The rest is “wasted” by being converted into thermal energy, etc. A car only uses 12% of the chemical energy in gasoline to turn the wheels of the car (mechanical energy).

9. Calculating Energy Efficiency Use the equation: Energy Efficiency = Amount of useful energy x 100 Amount of energy consumed Example: 1.30 Joules of energy enter a light bulb. 20 joules of energy are transformed into light. What is the energy efficiency and how much energy is dissipated as heat? 2. A kettle consumes 15 500 J of energy to boil water. It is 85 % efficient. How much energy was used by the kettle to boil water?

10. Try This! Some homes are still heated by hot water boiler furnaces. The components of the system are an oil tank, a furnace, water pipes and radiators. The furnace burns the oil from the storage tank. The heat released is used to heat water which is then pumped to radiators throughout the house. A diagram is shown below. If all the heat from the combustion was used to heat the water, the system would be 100% efficient. However, some heat is lost in the furnace exhaust and some is lost from the pipes delivering the water to the radiators. One litre of oil delivers 38 000 kJ of energy. 7 600 kJ are lost to the exhaust, and 1 900 kJ are lost in transporting the hot water to the radiators. Determine the efficiency of this heating system.

11. Thermal Energy Results from the random movement of the particles in the substance. The more the particles in a solid/substance are agitated, the more thermal energy it has. The amount of energy within a substance depends on: 1.The temperature (the higher the temperature, the more energy) 2.The number of particles (the more particles, the more energy)

13. Heat -Thermal energy can be transferred from one area to another. Heat is the amount of thermal energy that is transferred from one place to another due to a temperature difference. -Heat always moves from warm areas to cold areas. -A cold area indicates a lack of heat. -Represented by the equation Q = ΔE t where : Q = heat, measured in Joules (J) Δe t = the variation in thermal energy

14. Heat vs. Temperature Temperature: - Indicates how fast the particles are moving within the substance (how much thermal energy there is). - Measured in degrees Celsius Heat: -The amount of thermal energy transferred from a warm area to a cold area. -Measured in Joules

15. Try This!

16. The Relationship Between Heat, Mass, Specific Heat Capacity and Temperature Variations When 2 substances are heated, their temperatures increase, but not necessarily at the same rate. Specific Heat Capacity: The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1 degree Celsius. Specific Heat Capacity is a characteristic property of matter. Water has a very high specific heat capacity (4.19 J/g°C)

17. Calculating the Heat Absorbed or Released by a given substance Q = mcΔT Where: Q = heat (variation in thermal energy) in J m = mass in g c = specific heat capacity in J/g°C ΔT = the change in temperature in °C (T f – T i ) Interpreting your result If your result (Q) is positive, the substance has absorbed heat. If your result (Q) is negative, the substance has released heat into the environment.

18. Try This! Examine how the thermal energy of the following substances can vary: 1.A beaker containing 100g of water is heated from 20° to 44°C. 2.A beaker containing 100g of vegetable oil is heated from 20° to 44°C. 3.A beaker containing 200g of water is heated from 20° to 44°C. 4.A beaker containing 100g of water is cooled from 44° to 20°C.

19. Kinetic Energy  It is the energy that an object possesses due to its motion.  Depends on an objects mass and speed. (The heavier it is, the faster it moves and the more energy is has) E k = ½ mv 2 Where: E k = kinetic energy in J m = mass of the object in kg v = velocity of the object in m/s

20. Try This! Calculate the kinetic energy of: 1. A car weighing 2500 kg traveling at 50 km/h (about 14 m/s) 2. A car weighing 2500 kg traveling at 100 km/h (about 28 m/s) 3. A minivan weighing 5000 kg traveling at 50 km/h.

21. Potential Energy It is the energy reserve of an object due to its position, stress or electric charge. Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy reserve of an object based on its height above a reference surface and its mass. E p = mgh Where: E p = gravitational potential energy in J m = mass of the object in kg g = gravitational constant (9.8 N/kg at the Earth’s surface) h = height of the object above the reference surface in m

22. Try This! Calculate the gravitational potential energy acquired from a rock in the following situations: 1.A 1-kg rock raised to a height of 1 m. 2. A 2-kg rock raised to a height of 1m. 3. A 1-kg rock raised to a height of 2m.

23. Mechanical Energy Kinetic energy can be transformed into potential energy and vice-versa. The sum of kinetic energy and the potential energy is the mechanical energy of a system. E m = E k + E p

24. Conservation of Energy Example