1. Russia

2. Ivan IV  At the age of 3, Ivan IV’s father dies, making him Crown Prince; his mother serves as a regent, but is assassinated via poison when he is only 8  After this, boyars (nobles) rule until Ivan is old enough to take the throne, but the boyars still intimidate and offend him

3. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) To make matters worse, Ivan’s beloved wife dies, and he begins to go crazy He tells the boyars to swear allegiance to his infant son; they refuse ◦ So… he kills them ◦ This is one way that Ivan begins to take power away from the nobles like any good absolute monarch would

4.  Ivan, already completely mad, beats his pregnant daughter- in-law for wearing immodest clothing… it causes a miscarriage  His son hears of this and confronts Ivan; a fight happens and Ivan kills his own son  As for Ivan? He dies playing chess

5. So What?  Ivan the Terrible is the man who created Russian feudalism:  He passes a law that restricts peasant movement, essentially making them serfs  He introduced local self-management in rural Russia  The first Russian printing press was created during his reign  He wages the Livonian War (against Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden) which nearly breaks Russia  He expands Russian territory  AND… He’s the FIRST to be called a TSAR

6. Time of Troubles  The Livonian Wars truly breaks Russia  Having a crazy Tsar does not help  After a few dynasties that struggle in post-Ivan times, we find ourselves in the Times of Troubles  This includes continued fighting with the Poles as a disjointed nation led by boyars AND a huge famine that kills off TONS  Cossacks begin to get restless… not good for villages  A Cossack is a militaristic community (don’t mess with them)  The Troubles end with boyars fighting and Michael Romanov gaining control

7. Romanovs Michael is grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife Romanov dynasty rules Russia for 300 years (1613-1917)

8. Peter the Great (1682-1725) 1696 – Peter becomes sole ruler of Russia ◦ He had a brother, but he died

9. Make a Chart like this one for the next slide RussiaWestern Europe Labor Religion Geography

10. Russia vs. Europe RussiaWestern Europe Labor – Russian landowners treat serfs like property. Serfdom lasts until the mid-1800s Religion – Orthodox Christian Geography – Geographically isolated and few seaports Labor – many serfs have won their freedom and now live in the cities Religion – Catholic and Protestant Geography – Helped trade and made political connections possible

11. Peter The Great Peter thought that Russia was very much behind the times He wanted Russia to become more like Western Europe This meant that he and Russia had to engage in WESTERNIZATION

12. Westernization An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western countries (esp. European or American) Peter did this by ◦ Introducing potatoes ◦ Starting the first Russian newspaper ◦ Raising women’s status ◦ Ordering nobles to wear Western fashions ◦ Advancing education

13. Five Goals towards Westernization Gain land on the Baltic coast and build a major port city there. Destroy the power of the Streltsy (Russian guardsmen) so the army could be modernized. Limit the power of the Boyars, the Russian nobility. Establish a strong Russian navy, both military and merchant. Gain acceptance from the rest of Europe that Russia was a major power basically by “modernizing”.

14. FIRST GOAL: THE SEA  Russia has a lot of water access to the North, but what tends to happen to water when it gets cold?  Peter needs a water route to Western Europe  He wants the Baltic Sea  This is probably the most important of Peter’s goals

15. Thanks to Peter the Great

16. Well He DID Love To Learn  Peter went on the famous “European Tour”  He dressed as a regular guy and went around Europe, learning the tools of the trade  Blacksmiths, tradesmen, bankers, sailors, weavers, he saw and did it all  When he returned to Russia, his head was full of ideas of how Russia should run in order for it to be “European” I swear to God, Mikhail, he said shave the whole thing off!

17. Peter orders his boyars to shave their beards and begin to dress in the Western style

18. Changes in Mother Russia  Russia is divided into provinces and run on ‘police-state’ mode  Reformed the Russian Orthodox Church  Created the “Table of Ranks”  Boyars no longer get their title by birth, but by merit and service to the emperor (first their beards and now their titles… not too happy)  All nobles and royalty must go to school and receive an education!  Introduced new taxes  Capital moved to St. Petersburg and in Peterhof

19. St. Petersburg and Peterhof First, Peter liked his name St. Petersburg is created in order to look like Paris, a prestigious European city ◦ St. Petersburg is Peter’s “Window to the West” Peterhof is the royal palace (completed in 1725), and is called the “Russian Versailles”

20. PETERHOF OR VERSAILLES? VERSAILLESPETERHOF

21. PETERHOF OR VERSAILLES? PETERHOFVERSAILLES

22. PETERHOF OR VERSAILLES? PETERHOFVERSAILLES

23. ST PETERSBURG OR PARIS? ST PETERSBURGPARIS