1. 46-320-01 Tests and Measurements Intersession 2006

2. Examiner/Test-Taker Relationship Children: Rapport, IQ tests and age of child Familiarity Adults: Attitudinal studies

3. Race of Tester Little evidence race of tester affects performance on IQ Why? Testing limits

4. Language and Training Knowledge of language can influence scores Translation of test Interpreters Training: generally, more is better

5. Expectancy Effects aka Rosenthal effects Told success vs. failure expected (1 point on 20 scale difference) Seen in some situations (not all) Subtle nonverbal cues? Scoring?

6. Reinforcing Responses Rewards can affect behaviour Children and IQ: Tangible rewards vs. praise Complicated results Attitudinal studies Nodding Random reinforcing

7. Computer-Assisted Test Administration Advantages Sensitive information Interpretive reports Can have undetected scoring problems

8. State of the Test Taker Motivation and anxiety Illness Drugs Hormones

9. Behavioural Assessment Observer Reactivity Reliability and validity highest when observed Drift Contrast effect Expectancies Rating accuracy Halo effect

10. Interviews Standardized/structured Unstructured Always have a purpose Mutual interaction that influences Social facilitation Interviewers: set a relaxed and warm environment, but remain in control

11. Effective Interviewing Attitude Avoid Judgmental or evaluative statements Probing statements Hostile responses False reassurance Flow of interview: Close-ended questions Open-ended questions

12. Flow Responses Transitional phrase Verbatim playback Paraphrasing and restating Summarizing Clarification Empathy/understanding

13. Measuring Understanding Active listening = using understanding statements Carkhuff and colleagues 5-point scale Level 1 – no relationship to interviewee’s response Level 2 – superficial awareness of meaning Level 3 – interchangeable with response (paraphrase, verbatim playback, clarification, restatements), Level 4 – go noticeably beyond statement Level 5 – go significantly beyond statement

14. Types of Interviews Evaluation Confrontation Direct questions Structured clinical interview Spitzer et al. – SCID DISC

15. Types of Interviews Case History Interview Major life events, education, work, medical, family, relationships More information is often better Using computers? Mental Status Exam Diagnose psychosis, brain damage, etc

16. Source: http://www.lawandpsychiatry.com/html/mini_mental_status_examination.pdf

17. Types of Interviews Employment Interview Best: structured format Hired Rejected First impressions Interviewing Skills Familiarize with research and theory Supervised practice Apply good interviewing principles

18. Error in Interviewing Interview validity Natural errors in observation and judgment Halo effect General standoutishness Cross-cultural/class differences Consider interview data tentative Interview Reliability Interinterviewer agreement

19. Reducing Error Interviews: imposing structure Provide interviewers with scripts and standard sets of questions Develop scoring guides for interviewee responses Use multiple interviews