1. Human Body Organization
Levels
1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organismic

2. Chemical Level Elements Molecules Compounds Macromolecules Ions H C O
NaCl
KCl
Ions
Na+ K+
Cl-
Ca++
Mg++
Molecules O2
CO2
C6H12O6
Macromolecules
Proteins
amino acids
Lipids
fatty Acids
Carbohydrates
monosaccharides
Nucleic Acids
nucleotides

3. Cellular Level
Chromatin

4. Tissue Level Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue

5. Organ Level Gastrointestinal Tract 1. Mouth Accessory Structures
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small Intestine
6. Large Intestine
Accessory Structures
1. Teeth
2. Tongue
3. Salivary Glands
4. Liver
5. Gallbladder
6. Pancreas

6. Organ System Level

7. Organismic Level Darwin sails around the world
and in South America is puzzled
by the absence of rabbits.
Instead he finds these rabbit-like Patagonian Hares or Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) that are not rabbits but have similar characteristics as rabbits.
He postulates that they must have evolved just like rabbits because of their similar environments

8. Animal Cell
Chromatin

9. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Bases/Base Pairs Nucleotides 1. 2.
3. Nitrogenous Base
Base Pairs:
A – T
C – G

10. DNA Organization Chromatin organized: DNA Histones
One Duplicated Chromosome

11. Human Chromosomes A Pair of Duplicated Chromosomes
Autosomes
Sex
Chromosomes
46 individual chromosomes / 23 pairs of chromosomes
they are the same - code for same type of trait
they are different - code for different version of trait

12. Understanding the Numbers
1 chromosome is 1 large DNA molecule
a gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides
ATTCCGTAGCTGATCGTAAAGGG
genes per chromosome
~25, ,000 genes per human genome

13. DNA Functions Pass on Genetic Material Replication Protein Synthesis
Mitosis
Meiosis
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Translation

14. Mitosis

15. Replication Making an exact copy of DNA
Occurs just prior to cell division
Double helix unwinds
DNA polymerase adds bases
Two exact copies are made

16. Embryongenesis - Week 1 Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass
(Embryonic Stem Cells)
Pluripotent Stem Cells

17. Embryogenesis Week 2 Embryonic Germ Cell Layers: Endoderm Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Multipotent Stem Cells

18. Cell Migration
Growth Cone

19. Radial Glia Act like scaffolding to assist movement of neurons during
development

20. Differentiation

21. Schizophrenia Abnormality Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Disorganization

22. Neurobehavioral Hypothesis
Maternal/Fetal Evidence:
extensive maternal bleeding
prolonged labor
delivery complications
low birth weight
low head circumference
body length:body weight
multiparity
Anectodal Evidence
Dutch births during WWII
Season of birth effect
higher for winter pregnancies
parallel with virus exposure

23. Protein Synthesis Transcription DNA to mRNA Translation
mRNA to Protein

24. From Gene to Protein
DNA
RNA
Protein

25. Genetic Code
Codons
three base code
Code for specific
amino acids

26. Point Mutation Spontaneous Mutation Environmental Insult Mutagenesis
Carcinogenesis
Mutation is corrected

27. Point Mutation
Mutation is
not corrected
Mutation is
corrected

28. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mutation

29. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mutation

30. Two-Hit Hypothesis Born with 2 genes or alleles for any given disease:
one from mom
one from dad
If one is bad, this
increases your
chance of getting
the disease

31. Cancer in Women

32. Lung Cancer