1. Contact Exploring the Globe Submitted by C. Stephen Ingraham

2. CSI09

3. Label the following: Africa, Europe, Australia, Equator, International Date Line, South America, South Pole, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, North America, Prime Meridian, Asia, and North Pole. CSI09 8 9 11 13 10 12

4. Social Studies Block # __ Name ________________________ Mr. Ingraham & Mr. McBride Date ____________ Age of Exploration Table of Contents 1.The Age of Exploration Song 2.The Exploration Vocabulary 3. World Map 4. The Fall of Constantinople 5. Europeans look to the Atlantic

5. I. Age of Exploration Song Sung to Rainbow Brite When the Ottoman Turks took Constantinople It closed the world to trade So Europeans look for all water routes So their ships could continue to trade Portugal’s Prince Henry had an idea where The African continent you could go around there Vasco Da Gama sails to India one day For Spain’s Isabella & Ferdinand westward Columbus sails away He says the Caribbean San Salvador Is just off the coast of Cathay. But Amerigo Vespucci say’s he’s wrong as he maps the Brazilian coast and then Pedro Cabral comes along saying undiscovered lands are in the way. csI09

6. I. Age of Exploration Song (continued) Spain’s Ferdinand Magellan makes a voyage and circumnavigates the world. Then the English pirate Sir Francis Drake also sails around the world. The English want to claim a stake So Henry VII sends John Cabot to take a trip searching for passage make no mistake. But let’s not forget the French and the voyages of Jacques Cartier exploring along the St. Lawrence River For fur traders he leads the way. Or missionary Father Jacques Marquette, who travels with his Indian friends down the Mississippi River until he reaches its end. csI09

7. I. Age of Exploration Song (continued) Meanwhile the Spanish Conquistadors explore the new found Mexican lands Hernando Cortes conquers the Aztec stealing gold from Motecuhzoma’s hands. In South America Francisco Pizarro causes the Inca Atahuallpa sorrow breaking his promise to release him tomorrow and this is how it ends. Native Americans have no immunity and die from European disease. So African slaves are brought to the new world to labor as the Europeans please. The Columbian Exchange soon begins to benefit the Europeans They export horses, sugarcane, and chicken Importing squash, corn, bean, chocolate & tobacco smokin’ csI09

8. I. Age of Exploration Song (continued) (Final Chorus) The Age of Contact is the African and American exploration it involves all the Western European nations. The Ages of Contact is the African and Native American exploitation it involves all the Western European nations. By C. Stephen Ingraham csI09

9. I. Exploration Vocabulary caravel -a new ship design using square or lateen sails and able to travel in heavy seas long distances. circumnavigation - a journey completely around the world. armada - a fleet of warships plantations - huge farms growing sugarcane, pineapples, cotton, tobacco or coffee. triangle trade - the route slave merchants used from Europe to Africa, to the Americas, and back to Europe forming a triangle shaped journey. middle passage - the second phase of triangle trade where chained slaves are jammed into boats and shipped from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean. conquistadors - Spanish treasure seeking soldiers known as “conquerors”. immunity - resistance as to sickness or diseases. Columbian exchange - the movement of people, animals, plants, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas.

10. I. Exploration Vocabulary II Olmec - The earliest Native Central Americans who farmed the fertile river valleys along the coast of Gulf of Mexico. Mayas -Native Central Americans who farmed the rainforests of the Yucatan Peninsula. Aztecs -Native Central Americans living on the Mexican plateau. Their emperor was Motecuhzoma Incas -Native South Americans living in the Andes Mountains. Their emperor was Atahuallpa Encomienda system - where Native Americans work for the Spanish colonists and accept their religion in exchange for food & fair treatment. coureurs de bois - French trappers known as “runners of the woods”. Intercropping - The Native Americans growing of different crops together. beans, squash, & maize (corn). Terrace farming - building walled gardens in the mountains to raise crops. Reclaim - To clear jungle rainforest to farm the low coastal land.

11. I. Found, but Forgotten? A.The Discoveries of New Lands (more than legend) 1. About 500 CE. An Irish Catholic monk named Brendan was blown off course and sails to an unknown land across the Western Sea. (Canada or U.S.?) 2. The Chinese told of Huishen, a Buddhist monk who also about 500 CE.crosses Eastern Sea to find an undiscovered land there. (California coast?) 3. The Viking Sagas tell of voyage Leif Ericson who sails from Greenland in search of new lands to farm about 1000 CE. He discovers a “new found land” and his brother Thorvald tries to build a colony in “Vinland”. Native peoples drive them off. (Canada) 4. Archaeologists have found evidence proving this Greenlanders Saga as true. There was a Viking Settlement in North America about 500 years before Columbus.

12. I. Europeans Explore the Globe 13- 3 A.The Fall of Constantinople 1. European countries wanted to break the Italian & Muslim trade monopolies in the Mediterranean Sea 2. In 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople. 3. The City-State of Venice tried to keep its chain of trading posts along the eastern Mediterranean. 4. When Constantinople was closed to all merchants & traders, Europeans were forced to look for new water routes to trade directly with Asia to get the goods they wanted.

13. I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3 B. European Look Toward The Atlantic 1. The Viking had discovered Greenland & Iceland crossin the unknown Atlantic Ocean. A Saga told of Leif Ericson discovering Newfoundland in Canada. 2. In Portugal shipbuilders built a stronger new type of ship called a caravel, which used square or lateen sails. This ship could travel in heavy seas long distances swiftly. 3. Europeans sailors now had: (because of trade) a. Better Maps using longitude & latitude (Greeks) b. The Astrolabe (Muslims) c. the Compass (Chinese) d. better ocean going ships (Portuguese)

14. I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3 C. Portugal and Spain Lead the Way Portugal 1. Portugal a small European country wanted the wealth trade with Asia would bring. 2. In 1419 Prince Henry the Navigator (not an explorer) began a school for navigators. Using the best mapmakers, scientists, and ship designers he began paying for exploration of Africa’s Atlantic coast. 3. In 1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa and sailed into the Indian Ocean. 4. In 1499 Vasco da Gama returned from India with a cargo of spices and jewels. 5. The Portuguese quickly set up a network of trading posts along the coasts of Africa and India.

15. Portuguese Explorers Bartholomeu Dias 1487-88 CE. Vasco da Gama 1497-99 CE. Europe Asia Africa Portugal Indian OceanAtlantic Ocean India China

16. I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3 C. Portugal and Spain Lead the Way Spain 1. An Italian Christopher Columbus meets with King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Catholic Spain. 2. He promised them great wealth in trade and the spreading of the Catholic Faith in Asia. 3. On August 3, 1492 Columbus set sail with three ships. 4. On October 12 he landed on the island of San Salvador in the Caribbean Sea. 5. Columbus thought he had reached islands off of China. Even though he makes three more voyages he never realizes he has discovered new lands.

17. I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3 C. Portugal and Spain Lead the Way Proving Columbus wrong 1. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci another Italian sailing for Portugal explores the coast of Brazil. His carefully drawn maps indicate an unknown new world. 2. Spain and Portugal sign a treaty which divide up the undiscovered world between them. 3. In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan leaves Spain with 5 ships looking for a westward route to Asia. 4. Magellan rounds the tip of South America and sails into the Pacific Ocean (which he names). 5. Although he dies in the Philippines, his sailors continue their circumnavigation, or journey around the world. (which Ferdinand Magellan is credited with)

18. I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3 D. English Exploration 1. The English King Henry VII paid for a voyage looking for a Western trade route to China. 2. In 1497 and 1498 another Italian Sailor John Cabot sails along the Northeastern coast of North America and claims this land for England. 3. Henry VIII (son of Henry VII) did not support exploration, but under his rule England become a Protestant country. 4. Queen Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII) provided money to support sea captains such as Francis Drake, John Hawkins, & Walter Raleigh, who were both explorers and pirates. (attacking Spanish & Portuguese gold ships) 5. In 1588 the Spanish King Philip II assembled an Armada of 130 warships to attacK England. The faster English ships drove away the armada and a fierce storm destroyed most of the surviving ships returning to Spain.

19. CSI09 Africa Europe Asia North America South America Australia Spain India China France England Portugal Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean North Sea Christopher Columbus 1492 CE Ferdinand Magellan 1519 CE Leif Ericson 1000 CE Viking Explorer Spanish Explorers John Cabot 1497 CE Jacques Cartier 1530 CE Amerigo Vespucci 1501 CE Pedro Cabral 1500 CE French Explorers English Explorer Portuguese Explorers

20. I. Africa & Europe 14- 1 B. Europeans In Africa 1. The Europeans arrival in Africa brought change: a) the Portuguese established trading settlements. Rulers of the African kingdom rented trading stations to the Portuguese for part of the profits & a promise of protection. b) At first the Portuguese traded for spices, gold, and ivory. c) Later African leaders found it profitable to offer their prisoners of war with other African tribes as slaves. 2. Across the Atlantic North & South American settlers needed cheap labor for: 1. Mines 2. Huge farms called plantations

21. I. Africa & Europe 14- 1 C. The Slave Trade 1. Slavery was not new. Conquered people had been enslaved by the Sumerians, the Egyptians, the Greeks, Roman, and other ancient civilizations. 2. Many times these prisoners of war & criminals were treated fairly and could gain their freedom someday. 3. This European Slavery was different because African slaves were viewed as property: a) Owned by a master for life b) Families were separated c) Children born to slaves were also slaves. 4. First Portugal and then other European countries began the profitable trading in slaves. 5. African slave catchers went into the countryside and capturing anyone they could to sell to the Europeans.

22. CSI09 Africa Europe Asia North America South America Australia Spain India China France England Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean North Sea Triangle Trade 2 3 1 Products carried by traders 1) Iron products, cloth, guns, & liquor 2) Middle Passage (Slaves) 3) tobacco, fur, lumber, & rice

23. I. Africa & Europe C. The Slave Trade (continued) 1. Triangular Trade a) First, traders sailed from Europe to Africa exchanging iron, cloth, guns, and liquor for __________________. b) Second, the traders’ ships sailed to the Americas where the African slaves were sold for gold or the products from the plantations who wanted the slaves. This was called _____________ and conditions were horrible. More slaves meant more money so the traders jammed the ship full of slaves chained together. c) Finally, the traders returned to Europe with goods from the Americas to sell so they could buy more iron, cloth, guns, and liquor and return to Africa for more slaves. 2. In 1807 The British Government put an end to the British slave trade. Soon all European nation had stopped. Only the United States continued until slavery was ended in 1865 by the _____________________.

24. I. Africa & Europe 14- 1 D. Effects of the Slave Trade 1. Twelve million African were enslaved in 300 years 2. Huge areas of Africa were depopulated: a. At first all slaves were _______________ or criminals b. Later nearby communities were raided for slaves. c. Wars among the African tribes broke out and many Africans died. 3. African trading kingdoms which had made huge profits in the sale of slaves were left with nothing when the slave trade ended. 4. In Europeans and Americans involved with the slave trade had to act without _______ or ________. They thought of themselves as superior beings and the African slaves as somehow inferior. These feeling are ________________.

25. I. Ancient Civilizations of the Americas 4- 3 A. Early Olmec Farmers (1500 BCE. - 300 BCE.) 1. The Olmec people settled on the Gulf of ________ along ________________ made fertile by seasonal flooding. 2. They _____________, or planted different crops together, beans, squash, and maize (corn). 3. The Olmec hieroglyphic symbols stood for sounds. 4. They worshipped many gods of nature, most important was the _______________, the cat god who sent the rain. B. The Mayas (500 CE.- 900CE.) 1. The Mayas cleared the jungle rainforests of the ________ Peninsula and built over 100 city-states, but had no central government. 2. The largest city, _____________, had a 100,000 people. 3. They worshipped 160 different gods in huge limestone _________________________. 4. The Mayas had 2 calendars(one with 365 days), zero and a base 20 number system, & a pictograph writing system.

26. I. Civilizations in the Americas 10- 4 A. The Aztecs Build An Empire (1150 CE. - 1521 CE.) 1. The Aztec god Huitzilopochtli promise a homeland when they saw an _________ fighting a _________ on a cactus. 2. They built their capital city, ___________________ on an island in lake Texcoco ( in central Mexico). 3. To farm they built: a) __________ - islands made of platforms of woven reeds. b) reed houses on posts c) dikes & bridges d) two brick aqueducts e) large palaces & flat top pyramids 4. The Empire grew to 5 million people and those conquered paid tribute in gold, silver & cocao beans. B. The Aztec Way of Life 1. The Aztec civilization borrowed both the Olmecs & Mayas. They had an accurate calendar & hieroglyphic writing. 2. The Aztec (& Mayas) religion included _______ _______. As many as 20,000 prisoners died each year so their beating hearts could be given to their gods.

27. I. Civilizations in the Americas 10- 4 A. The Inca Empire (1200 CE. - 1526 CE.) 1. The Inca Empire covered 2,500 miles along the ________ Mountains in South America. 2. Their capital city was Cuzco and connected all parts of the empire together by a system of wide stone ___________. 3. Conquered peoples were forced to follow the Incan way of life. (speak the Incan language & have the same beliefs.) 4. The Empire grew to 9 million people. 5. They changed their environment using ________ ______, cutting flat ledges into the hillside and edging them with stone walls. 6. The Incas used ________ & fertilizer to grow beans, corn, squash, tomatoes, & potatoes, which went to government storehouses, but food was given to the army and anyone who needed it, if they would help on Inca building projects..

28. CSI09 Maya homeland 500 BCE. 0 - 13,120 feet above sea level Olmec homeland 1500 BCE. 0 - 655 feet above sea level Aztec homeland 1325 CE. 0 - 13,120 feet above sea level Inca homeland 1200 CE. 1,600 - 20,000 feet above sea level Native Central & South American Civilizations Farmers intercropped, or grew Different crops together. They grew: beans, squash, & maize (corn). Terrace Farming building walled gardens in the mountains Reclaiming, or taking land, by clearing land in the rain forests.

29. I. A Time of Encounter 14- 2 A. Spain Builds An Empire 1. Columbus started colonies on islands in the Caribbean Sea 2. Others followed looking for gold. The Spanish called these treasure seeking soldiers conquerors, or “_____________” 3. In 1519 ___________________ began exploring Mexico 4. The Aztec emperor, Motecuhzoma, thought Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl. (a light skinned & bearded god) Gifts of gold and jewelry only made the Spanish more greedy. 5. The Spanish captured the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. 6. In 1526 another Spanish expedition led by ____________ ____________________ explored South America. 7. The Inca Emperor, Atahuallpa met Pizarro and was taken prisoner. 8. Pizarro agreed to exchange him for a room filled with gold, but once he had the gold he killed the Inca Emperor.

30. I. A Time of Encounter 14- 2 B. Spanish Encounters 1. Within 100 years of Columbus Spain ruled the Southern United States, Mexico, and all of South America, except Brazil, which Pedro Cabral claimed for Portugal. 2. Gold, Silver, and precious stones from the Americas made Spain very wealthy. 3. The _________________________________ the movement of people, animals, plants, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas 4. Indian food crops were introduced to Europe: corn, beans, squash, peppers, avocados, peanuts, tomatoes, potatoes, and chocolate. 5. A non-crop also introduced to Europe was ______________________. 6. Spanish settlers brought to the Americas: cattle, chickens, pigs, sheep, and the horse. Plus these crops: chickpeas, sugarcane, and wheat. 7. However the Spanish brought diseases (Influenza, smallpox, & measles). With no ___________________, or resistance to them many Native Americans died. 8. The ________________ -Spanish colonists were supposed to teach the Catholic faith and treat the Native Americas fairly, however most were treated as slaves. 9. When more workers were needed they were replaced by African slaves.

31. I. A Time of Encounter 14- 2 C. French Encounters 1. In 1530 the North American French Explorer _____________ explored the St. Lawrence River and claimed what is now Canada for France. 2. The Native Americans there were willing to trade animal furs to the French trappers. There was a great demand for these furs in Europe. 3. The French “_______________________”, or runners of the woods became friendly with the Algonkin and Huron peoples. 4. French priest brought the Catholic Faith to the Native Americans. 5. _______________________ explored the whole Mississippi River and claimed the lands in drained for France.

32. I. People of the Age of Exploration 1.___ Lief Ericson 2.___ Prince Henry the Navigator 3.___ Bartholomeu Dias 4.___ Vasco de Gama 5.___ Christopher Columbus 6.___ Amerigo Vespucci 7.___ Ferdinand Magellan 8.___ John Cabot 9.___ Hernando Cortes’ 10.___ Motechzoma 11.___ Francisco Pizarro 12.___ Atahualla 13.___ Pedro Cabral 14.___ Jacques Cartier 15.___ Father Jacques Marquette a.Emperor of the Aztecs b.Traveled up the St. Lawrence River c.Emperor of the Incas d.Traveled down the Mississippi River e.Viking who discovered Newfoundland in Canada f. Sailed to North America for the English King Henry VII g. Portuguese Leader that set up a school seamen h.Rounded the horn of Africa i.Claimed Brazil for Portugal j. Conquered the Incas k.First to sail around Africa to India L.Sailed for Portugal & claimed Columbus discovered a new world m. Conquered the Aztecs n. Thought he had reached China o. Credited with Sailing around the world.

33. I. A Time of Encounter 14- 2 D. English Encounters 1. The English came to America to search for __________, and discovered tobacco instead. At first the Native Americans were friendly to the English settlers. They taught them to grow corn, pumpkins, beans, and squash. 2. As more English colonists turned to farming and cleared the land Native Americans were forced more westward. 3. The Iroquois League were tribes of Native Americans, who were governed by a _____________, which was empowered to declare war, control trade, and protect their members. 4. The colonists made treaties with the Iroquois and later would copy their organization in our new nation’s first government under a document called “__________________________”.

34. Label the following: Africa, Europe, Australia, North Sea Equator, International Date Line, South America, South Pole, Tropic of Capricorn, Pacific Ocean, North America, Prime Meridian, Asia, Atlantic Ocean, North Pole, Indian Ocean, and Tropic of Cancer CSI09 14 9 15 13 10 17 1116 8 12