1. Exercise Motivation Concepts Concepts

2. Differences Between Sport & Exercise Sport is selective Sport is selective Lifespan differences with sport/exercise Lifespan differences with sport/exercise Social network tends to be different between the two Social network tends to be different between the two Structure differences Structure differences

3. Interactionist Perspectives Most popular for examining exercise motivation Most popular for examining exercise motivation Exercise Motivation = Personal X Situational Variables Exercise Motivation = Personal X Situational Variables Can’t predict motivation without knowing both parts of equation Can’t predict motivation without knowing both parts of equation

4. Personal Variables -- Self-Perceptions Self-efficacy Self-efficacy Perceived Competence Perceived Competence Identity Identity Perceived Fitness Status Perceived Fitness Status Body Image Body Image

5. Personal Variables - Personality Introversion/Extroversion Introversion/Extroversion Persistence Persistence Optimism/Pessimism Optimism/Pessimism Anxiety Anxiety

6. Personal Variables - Life History Attitudes/Previous Experience Attitudes/Previous Experience Enjoyment of Exertion Enjoyment of Exertion Expectations of social network Expectations of social network Current health status Current health status

7. Situational Variables SES SES Ethnicity Ethnicity Climate Climate Access to knowledge Access to knowledge Social support Social support Leadership Processes Leadership Processes

8. Personal Variables - Motives Why do people say that they want to exercise? Why do people say that they want to exercise? What influence does that have on adherence? What influence does that have on adherence?

9. Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura, 1986) Again, an interactionist approach Again, an interactionist approach Environment = social norms, social anxiety, social context, accessibility Environment = social norms, social anxiety, social context, accessibility Person = self-efficacy Person = self-efficacy Self-efficacy - a person’s belief that (s)he will be successful at a given task Self-efficacy - a person’s belief that (s)he will be successful at a given task

10. Modeling Affects Self-Efficacy What is modeling? What is modeling? How can it relate to exercise behaviors? How can it relate to exercise behaviors? Primary method of advertising for exercising Primary method of advertising for exercising

11. Self-Presentational Concerns Self-Presentation = concern for how others perceive our self Self-Presentation = concern for how others perceive our self Ranges on a continuum Ranges on a continuum Can be motivating/demotivating for exercise behaviors Can be motivating/demotivating for exercise behaviors

12. Potential Motivators/Demotivators Physical Appearance Physical Appearance  Maintenance  Perceived attractive Social Identity Social Identity  Maintain identity of fit/athletic person  Enhance social image Demotivators? Demotivators?

13. Choices of Activities

14. Choice of Contexts Concerns re: skill/fitness may avoid certain contexts Concerns re: skill/fitness may avoid certain contexts Loss of potential motivators & social support Loss of potential motivators & social support Self-presentational concerns may preclude certain activities, such as...? Self-presentational concerns may preclude certain activities, such as...?

15. Quality of Performance In exercise conditions, may increase performance (Worringham & Messick, 1983) In exercise conditions, may increase performance (Worringham & Messick, 1983) Underrate exertion Underrate exertion Social loafing Social loafing Self-handicapping (more likely to happen with high self-presentational concerns) Self-handicapping (more likely to happen with high self-presentational concerns)

16. Affective Responses to Exercise Social Anxiety = occurs when people are motivated to make a certain impression on people, but doubt their ability to do so Social Anxiety = occurs when people are motivated to make a certain impression on people, but doubt their ability to do so May detract from emotional rewards of sport May detract from emotional rewards of sport

17. Affective Responses to Exercise Social Physique Anxiety = belief that others are likely to judge physique negatively Social Physique Anxiety = belief that others are likely to judge physique negatively Presents a variety of problems for encouraging participation Presents a variety of problems for encouraging participation