3. Laparoscopic Surgery 55 of the Kidney
Pyelolithotomy, Nephrolithotomy, and
Ureterolithotomy

12. Percutaneous Approaches to the Upper Urinary Tract Collecting System 47
An important indication for percutaneous access into
the upper urinary tract collecting system is for intrarenal
or intraureteral surgery. This includes percutaneous
nephrolithotomy, and antegrade ureteroscopic treatment of
large ureteral stones

22. Principles of Endoscopy 8