1. Principles of Clinical Chemistry Automation

2. Automation In Clinical Chemistry
The modern clinical chemistry laboratory uses a high degree of automation.
Many steps in the analytic process that were previously performed manually can now be performed automatically.
This Permits the operator to focus on tasks that cannot be readily automated and increasing both efficiency and capacity.

3. Automation In Clinical Chemistry
The analytic process can be divided into three major phases— preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic—corresponding to sample processing, chemical analysis, and data management, respectively.
Substantial improvements have occurred in all three areas during the past decade.
The analytic phase is the most automated, and more research and development efforts are focusing on increasing automation of the preanalytic and postanalytic processes.

4. Why Automation?
Increase the number of tests by one person in a given period of time
Minimize the variations in results from one person to another
Minimize errors found in manual analyses – equipment variations – pipettes
Use less sample and reagent for each test

5. Types Of Analyzers Continuous Flow Centrifugal analyzer Discrete
Tubing flow of reagents and patients samples
Centrifugal analyzer
Discrete
Separate testing cuvets for each test and sample
Random and/or irregular access

6. Continuous Flow
This first “AutoAnalyzer” (AA) was a continuous-flow, single-channel, sequential batch analyzer capable of providing a single test result on approximately 40 samples per hour.
Analyzers with multiple channels (for different tests), working synchronously to produce 6 or 12 test results simultaneously at the rate of 360 or 720 tests per hour.

7. Continuous Flow In continuous flow analyzers,
samples were aspirated into tubing to introduce samples into a sample holder,
bring in reagent,
create a chemical reaction,
and then pump the chromagen solution into a flow-through cuvette for spectrophotometric analysis.

8. Continuous Flow
The major drawbacks that contributed to the eventual demise of traditional continuous-flow analyzers in the marketplace were significant carry-over problems and wasteful use of continuously flowing reagents.

9. Continuous Flow
Continuous flow is also used in some spectrophotometric instruments in which the chemical reaction occurs in one reaction channel and then is rinsed out and reused for the next sample, which may be an entirely different chemical reaction.

10. Discrete analyzers
Discrete analysis is the separation of each sample and accompanying reagents in a separate container.
Discrete analyzers have the capability of running multiple tests on one sample at a time or multiple samples one test at a time.
They are the most popular and versatile analyzers and have almost completely replaced continuous-flow and centrifugal analyzers.

11. Discrete Analyzers
Sample reactions are kept discrete through the use of separate reaction cuvettes, cells, slides, or wells that are disposed of following chemical analysis.
This keeps sample and reaction carryover to a minimum but increases the cost per test due to disposable products.

12.  laboratory information system (LIS)

13. Hitachi 902 Analyzer

14. With automation there is still some very basic steps
Specimen preparation and Identification
Labeling still critical
Programming of instrument
Laboratory personnel must perform and observe:
Quality Assurance
Quality Control

15. TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION

17. Selection Process What is your lab’s workload like?
Discrete or large batch testing?
Single instrument or multiples?
Storage of reagents
Need refrigeration or freezing? expense
Kept at room temperature until reconstituted

18. Point of care testing

19. Definition
Point-of-care testing (POCT) has been defined by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) as “those analytical patient-testing activities provided within the institution, but performed outside the physical facilities of the clinical laboratories.”

21. Place of analysis Physician’s offices Operating rooms Emergency rooms
Intensive Care Units
Home health care
Patient performed

22. Personnel Issues Most often performed by non-laboratorians Physicians
Nurses or nurses aides
Respiratory technicians
Not specifically trained in the requirements for accurate testing and interpretation

23. Laboratory Support Laboratory still responsible for results
Therefore responsible for training and management of POCT programs
Laboratory must build a structure to support and facilitate POCT

24. Support Staff
Director - PhD, MD or laboratory scientist or pathologist
POC Coordinator – laboratory scientist with high level technical & interpersonal skills
POC Trainers – designated person(s) for problem solving etc.

25. Common Applications Glucose Testing Chemistries Electrolytes
Blood gases
Hematology
Coagulation – ACT
Hematocrit
Activated Clotting Time (ACT)