1. Explosive cladding around obstacles Erik Carton PhD EPNM 2012, Strasbourg 1

2. 2 International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor ITER

3. ITER being build at Caderache, France 3 Major Radius 6.2m Plasma Minor Radius 2.0m Plasma Volume 840m 3 Plasma facing wall 850 m 2 PFW materials Be, W, C/C Plasma Current 15.0MA Toroidal Field on Axis 5.3T Fusion Power 500MW Power Amplification >10

4. Components that can be made using explosive processing 4 Vacuum Vessel parts (VV) 60 mm thick stainless steel 316 L (IG) Plasma facing wall and divertor Be and W on Cu (alloy) and Stainless steel Triangular support Cu (pure) on Stainless steel (316 IG)

5. Triangular support (40° section) 5

6. Detail of the triangular support Stainless steel 60 mm 6 2000 mm 1000 mm Stub key Diameter 300 mm

7. Simulation of detonation around an obstacle Autodyn 2D VoD = 3 km/s 7

8. Autodyn 2D simulation of cladding around obstacle 8

9. 9

10. Autodyn 2D simulation of cladding around obstacle; Virtual VoD behind obstacle 10

11. Experiment: cladding around an obstacle 11

12. Cladding result: non-bonding behind obstacle 12

13. Potential solutions Reduce reflection using low impedance coating on stub-key Line initiation from the obstacle periphery Bi-layer explosive behind obstacle 13

14. Simulation of detonation around an obstacle Autodyn 2D VoD = 3 km/s and 7 km/s Sin α = D clad /D detonation cord 14

15. Simulation of detonation around an obstacle Autodyn 2D VoD = 3 km/s and 7 km/s 15

16. Simulation of detonation around an obstacle Autodyn 2D VoD clad = 3 km/s VoD cord = 7 km/s Ratio = 0.43 16

17. Line initiation from the obstacle periphery Experimental set-up 17 VoD clad = 3.6 km/s VoD cord = 7 km/s Ratio = 0.5

18. Line initiation from the obstacle periphery Experimental result 18

19. Bi-layer explosive behind the obstacle Experimental result using detonation cord (VoD= 7 km/s) 19

20. Cladding around 3 obstacles Experimental set-up using powder explosives 20 Detonation cord D=7 km/s Powder explosive D=5.5 km/s Cladding explosive D=2.2 km/s

21. Bi-layer explosive behind the obstacle Experimental result using 5.5 km/s powder explosive 21 VoD clad = 2.2 km/s VoD powd = 5.5 km/s Ratio = 0.4

22. Conclusions Cladding around one (or more) obstacle is possible Solution 1: Line initiation (radial detonation from the obstacle) Real line initiations are not easily obtained Solution 2: Bi-layer explosive Best for round obstacles Minimizes detached zone area Enables multiple obstacle passage! 22