1. States of consciousness Waking, Sleep, Dreaming

2. What is consciousness? Root of psychology as a science State of awareness

3. Waking conscious Awareness of self and environment –Active thought Selective attention –Inattentional blindness –Change blindness –Mindsight

4. Levels of information processing Conscious awareness Unconscious processing –Priming

5. Alterations in consciousness Deviation from normal alertness Why do human alter their conscious?

6. Biological rhythms Rest-wake cycles Circadian rhythms Sleep

7. Sleep stages Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 REM sleep

8. Sleep stages throughout the night 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

9. Why do we sleep? Non-REM sleep –Survival –Rest REM sleep –Brain development –Memory consolidation

10. Sleep loss Teenagers today get nearly 2 hours less sleep every night than teens 80 years ago. 2001 Gallup poll: 61% of men and 47% of women said they get enough sleep 2005 study: life satisfaction correlated with getting enough sleep Recurrent insomnia affects 10-15% of adults 1 in 20 has sleep apnea

11. What is “enough” sleep? Varies from person to person Subjective evaluation

12. Insomnia Persistent inability to fall asleep or stay asleep –Subjective –Subjects overestimate time awake Drug-dependent insomnia

13. Narcolepsy Neurological disorder characterized by sleep at inappropriate times –Sleep attacks –Cataplexy Treatments

14. Sleep apnea Inability to breathe while sleeping –Caused by airway obstruction –Sleeper wakes, gasping for air Treatment

15. Night terrors Disorder marked by heightened arousal, activity and fear –Children –Slow-wave sleep

16. Dreams REM vs. daydreams Dream content Theoretical reasons for dreaming –Wish fulfillment –Activation-synthesis –Memory consolidation