1. DINOFLAGELLATES

2. I) PHYLOGENY

3. Apicomplexans Ciliates “ALVEOLATES” Dinoflagellates

4. ALVEOLATES

5. Alveoli “Amphiesma”

6. PHYLOGENY MODEL I

7. PHYLOGENY MODEL II

8. II) NATURAL HISTORY

9. 7 13 HABITAT Karenia 37 Peridinium Ceratium SymbiodiniumPfiesteria

10. 16 17 ENDOSYMBIONTS: “ZOOXANTHELLAE” Symbiodinium

11. NUTRITION Autotrophy Heterotrophy

12. 22 23 PISCIVORES Pfiesteria

13. 6 Red Tide Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning

14. Projectiles

15. 15 BIOLUMINESCENCE

16. Light Detection 40

17. III) ARCHITECTURE

18. 2 “Shells”

19. 5 Desmokont Dinokont Dinoflagellate Growth Forms

20. 3 “Grooves”: Cingulum and Sulcus

21. Flagellae: Transverse and Longitudinal

22. Transverse Flagellum (Axoneme, Striated Filament = Centrin Filament) Fig. 7.8 in Lee 1999

23. Longitudinal Flagellum (Axoneme, R-Fiber) Fig. 7.6 in Lee 1999

24. Fig. 11-1 Graham and Wilcox 2000 Alveolus (Including Thecal Plates) Amphiesma

25. 4 Thecal Plates, Sutures

26. Thecate vs. Non-Thecate Dinoflagellates

27. Growth in Thecate Dinoflagellate s

28. Fig. 7.10 in Lee 1999 Pusule Function: (?)

29. Fig. 11-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000Fig. 7.14 in Lee 1999 “Ejectiles”: Trichocysts

30. “Ejectiles”: Mucocysts Fig. 11.15 in Graham et al. 2008

31. “Ejectiles”: Nematocysts (~ “Cnidocysts”) Fig. 11.16 in Graham et al. 2009 49

32. Eyespot: Unbound by Dedicated Membrane 42 Katodinium 43 Woloszynskia Figs. 11.35, 11.36 in Graham et al. 2008 (Cytoplasmic)(Within Plastid)

33. Peridinium Eyespot: Bound by Three Membranes

34. Fig. 11-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 40 Ocellus

35. Ocellus (Hyalosome, Pigment Cup) Fig. 11.38 in Graham et al. 2008 (Hyalosome surrounded by Mitochondria, Fibers that Change shape of “Lens”)

36. Bioluminescence Fig. 11.32 in Graham et al. 2008

37. 44 Bioluminescence

38. Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource Day Night Daily Migration of Scintillons Pyrocystis

39. Daily Destruction/Nightly Synthesis Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource Lingulodinium DayNight

40. “Dinokaryon”: Nucleus Fig. 11.24, 11.26 in Graham et al. 2008

41. “Dinokaryon”: Chromosomes Figs. 11.21 in Wilcox et al. 2008

42. 24 25 26 27 28 NUTRITION

43. Heterotrophy: Phagocytosis / Engulfment 45 Noctiluna

44. Figs. 11-29, 11-30 in Wilcox et al. 2008 Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes (Phagopods)

45. Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes (Peduncle) Fig. 11.28 in Wilcox et al. 2008

46. Heterotrophy: Feeding Veils (Pallium) Fig. 3.5 in Wilcox et al. 2008

47. 46 Autotrophy: Plastids, Pigments Fig. 11.34 in Wilcox et al. 200847 “Peridinin Plastid”

48. Peridinin Chlorophyll aChlorophyll c Peridinin Plastids: Pigments

49. Peridinin Plastids: Rubisco “Normal” Rubisco Rubisco in Peridinin Plastid

50. Origin of Peridinin Plastid? Hypothesis 1Hypothesis 2 Rhodophyte (Red Alga) Stramenopile (Brown Alga)

51. 47 Other Stable and/or Temporary Plastids Cryptomonad Diatom Haptophyte Chlorophyte (Green Alga)

52. Fig. 19. LM of Prorocentrum lima. The cell has a central pyrenoid with a starch sheath (the ring-like structure). © Mona Hoppenrath Fig. 20. TEM detail of the pyrenoid (py) surrounded by starch in Symbiodinium sp. © Gert Hansen Gert Hansen Fig. 21. TEM showing a cross section through a cell of Heterocapsa rotundata. The pyrenoid (py) is not traversed by thylacoids of the chloroplast and not surrounded by starch. © Gert Hansen Gert Hansen Pyrenoids, Storage Products

53. Nutrition: Mixotrophy Particulate Carbon (POC) Dissolved Carbon (DOC) Heterotrophy Autotrophy Phagotrophy Feeding Tubes Osmotrophy Photosynthesis

54. Asexual Reproduction Prorocentrum

55. Fig. 8-2, 11-31 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Mitosis/ Cytokinesis

56. Mitosis, Cytokinesis Figs. 11-34, 11-36 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

57. Fig. 11-40 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Sexual Reproduction (Planozygote, Hypnozygote)

58. Fig. 11-41 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Importance of Cysts (Dormant Forms)

59. A Typical (?) Dinoflagellate Life Cycle

60. Adnatosphaeridium 29 30 Hystrichosphaeridium Fossil Dinoflagellates: Hystrichospheres Oldest: Triassic (200 MYA)

61. Moldowan et al. 1996. Hemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors. Geology: 159-162. New data from numerous detailed mass-spectrometric studies have detected triaromatic dinosteroids in Precambrian (600 MYA) to Cenozoic rock samples. Triaromatic dinosteroids are organic geochemicals derived from dinosterols, compounds known in modern organisms to be the nearly exclusive widely occurring products of dinoflagellates.

62. Blooms

63. Neurotoxins b) Brevetoxinsa) Saxitoxins Na + “Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning”

64. c) Okadaic Acid Cytotoxins “Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning”

65. Moral of the Story

66. 2 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/BOT201/Algae/Dinoflagellate% 20panel%20Hokudai.gif 1 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Mastigophora/Glenodinium/sp_04c.jpg 3 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/dinoflagellate.gif 4 http://www.aad.gov.au/Asset/em_unit/images/dino1.jpg 5 http://www.nmnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/highlight/dinos/images/fig_a_bbig.jpg 6 http://www.lifeinfreshwater.org.uk/Resource%20Images/habitat/ Red%20Tide.jpg 7 http://www.silvercity.org/Page_1/lake_roberts.jpg 8 http://www.preisvergleich.org/pimages/SKULL-CROSSBONES-2_88__ D-828.265_40.jpg

67. 9 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Liver_superior.jpg 11 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=21135 10 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/ SynapseIllustration2.png/350px-SynapseIllustration2.png 12 http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/images/courses/s00bis1c/Dinoflagellate.jpg 13 http://eric.boissard.free.fr/Pictures/oceanwaves.jpg 14 http://omp.gso.uri.edu/discovery/biota/Inverts/surfclm1.jpg 15http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-19878430.jpg?size=67&uid=%7 BAF833BF1-09C5-4340-8E21-5D1D9566349E%7D 16 http://www.bigelow.org/reefwatch2001/coral_reefs/images/ glossary/symbiotic.jpg

68. 18 http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/png/scans/zooxanth.jpg 17 http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/images/coral/S_Bleaching.jpg 21 http://www.seaslugforum.net/images/zoox1e.jpg 20 http://www.underwater.com.au/content/6154/nudibranch.jpg 22 http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/foodweb/pfiesteriafishsores.jpg 23 http://www.hpl.umces.edu/faculty/roman/biweekly_pfiesteria_picture.JPG 24 http://encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg 25 http://abacus.bates.edu/people/orgs/running/RunningPhotos/sun-cartoon.gif 27 http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/lucidkeys/ types_of_flagellates/images/tfp_chilomonas2_ugw.jpg 26 http://universe-review.ca/I10-23-chlorella.gif 28 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/ diatoms.jpg

69. 29 http://www.phoenix.org.br/images/Dinoflagelado_ Adnatosphaeridium.gif 30http://www.kingston.ac.uk/geolsci/prg/images/photos/ hystrichosphaeridium.jpg 31 http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309051274/html/images/img00037.jpg 32 http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/tcochran/BioImages/ciliate.jpg 33 http://www.palaeos.com/Proterozoic/Images/RoperAcritarchs.jpg 34 http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/contents/4100/4118/fig15.gif 35 http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/allen/ch08/mimg/01a-pmen810227-11m.jpg 36 http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/manatee/RedTide_Karenia.jpg 37http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Peridinium_Key268.jpg 38 http://cimt.ucsc.edu/images/HAB%20ID/dinoflagellate/Dinos.jpg

70. 39 http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/mme/movies/ProtozoanIngested.jpghttp://www.aad.gov.au/asset/mme/ 40 http://billeder-billedbasen.emu.dk/annotated/53/5B/9731.jpg 41 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445&usg=__crjTBEMxXApXU3vhttp://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445&usg=__crjTBEMxXApXU3v Hmpr1bD536TM=&h=250&w=471&sz=42&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid= iApAqe-i_JHakM:&tbnh=68&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3 Dtransverse%2Bflagellum%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1 42 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/ lajistoraporttiarkisto/2002/en_GB/804/_files/12076504320047742/ default/1_Gymnodinium_sp._1a40_41.6_x_59.2_um_fp06592002.jpg 43 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/ lajistoraporttiarkisto/2005/en_GB/2528/_files/12076504320052782/default/cf._Scrippsiella_hangoei.jpg 44 http://www.bio.utk.edu/vonarnim/images/BRET.jpg 45 http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/noctiluca.jpg

71. 46 http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/dinochlorotemtol.200a.jpg 47 http://www.pnas.org/content/99/18/11558/F1.large.jpg 48 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445 49 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445 50 http://www.int-res.com/uploads/pics/featureame45_big.jpg