1. STANDARD(S) ADDRESS: 12.1 Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of American democracy as expressed in the Constitution. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT 1.Summarize the obligations that the Constitution places on the National Government with regard to the States. 2.Explain the process for admitting new States to the Union. 3.Examine the many and growing areas of cooperative federalism.

3. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 3 Chapter 4, Section 2 Grants …… Beer LAW 1984

4. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 4 Chapter 4, Section 2 Key Terms enabling act: an act directing the people of a U.S. territory to frame a proposed State constitution act of admission: an act creating a new State grants-in-aid program: grants of federal money or other resources to the States and their cities, counties, and other local government units

5. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 5 Chapter 4, Section 2 Key Terms, cont. block grant: a grant given for a broadly defined purpose Revenue sharing: federal program 1972-1987, congress shared federal tax revenue with states categorical grant: a grant made for a specific, well-defined purpose project grant: a grant made to States, local governments, or private agencies that apply for funds to carry out a project or provide training Representative Government: a republican form of government.

6. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 6 Chapter 4, Section 2 Introduction According to the Constitution, what must the National Government guarantee to each State? –Republican Form of Government –Invasion and Internal Disorder –Respect for Territorial Integrity

7. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 7 Chapter 4, Section 2 Guarantees and Protections The Constitution guarantees each State a republican form of government. –This guarantee is interpreted to mean that each State must have a representative government.

8. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 8 Chapter 4, Section 2

9. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9 Chapter 4, Section 2

10. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 10 Chapter 4, Section 2

11. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 11 Chapter 4, Section 2 GUIDED READING The Nation’s Obligations to the States 1. A republican form of government is representative government

12. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 12 Chapter 4, Section 2 Guarantees and Protections The Federal government must protect the States from invasions and domestic violence. –Federal force has rarely been used to restore order inside a State, though it happened in the 1960s during the civil rights movement.

13. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 13 Chapter 4, Section 2 Invasion

14. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 14 Chapter 4, Section 2 Turmoil

15. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 15 Chapter 4, Section 2

16. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 16 Chapter 4, Section 2 Disaster

17. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 17 Chapter 4, Section 2 GUIDED READING The Nation’s Obligations to the States 2. Three obligations the Constitution places on the National Government for the benefit of the States are: a. to protect against invasion and domestic violence b. to guarantee every State a representative government c. to recognize the boundaries and physical existence of each State

18. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 18 Chapter 4, Section 2 Other Protections Presidents normally send in troops by State request, but if national laws, functions, or property are endangered, they do not need to wait for a request. The national government must recognize the legal existence and physical borders of each State. –Each State must be represented in the U.S. Congress.

19. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 19 Chapter 4, Section 2

20. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 20 Chapter 4, Section 2 Admitting New States The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set the rules for admitting new States. –It established the principle that U.S. territories could become equal members of the nation once they had a high enough population. Only Congress can admit new States. –A new State cannot be made from the territory of any existing States without their consent.

21. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 21 Chapter 4, Section 2 Territorial Expansion of the U.S.

22. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 22 Chapter 4, Section 2 Admitting New States, cont. Congress has admitted 37 States since the nation was founded. –Most States spent at least 15 years as part of territories before admission. –In 1959, Hawaii and Alaska became the last two States added to the Union.

23. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 23 Chapter 4, Section 2 Admission Procedure –An area desiring Statehood first asks Congress for admission. –If Congress agrees, it passes an enabling act. –The territory must then hold a convention to write a proposed constitution. –This constitution must then be approved first by territorial voters and later by Congress. –If Congress approves the State constitution, it passes an act of admission, which the President must then sign to admit the new State.

24. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 24 Chapter 4, Section 2 GUIDED READING Admitting New States 3. A congressional act directing a territory that wants to become a State to frame a proposed State constitution is called an enabling act 4. A congressional law that agrees to grant statehood is an act of admission

25. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 25 Chapter 4, Section 2 Admission Procedure, cont. Congress may require a State to meet certain conditions before being admitted. –For example, Utah was not admitted until it outlawed polygamy (and women suffrage). These conditions cannot interfere with a State’s independent right to manage its own internal affairs.

26. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 26 Chapter 4, Section 2 Federal Grants grants-in-aid program: grants of federal money or other resources to the States and their cities, counties, and other local government units Congress began granting federal lands and money to the States early in the nation’s history. –Land grants were often used to establish schools, colleges, and roads, while cash grants were less common until the 1930s. Today there are more than 500 grant programs offering about $300 billion. –States often depend on this money to fund services, which increases the influence of the federal government in many policy areas.

27. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 27 Chapter 4, Section 2

28. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 28 Chapter 4, Section 2 Grants …… Beer LAW 1984

29. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 29 Chapter 4, Section 2 Types of Federal Grants Congress sets aside money for three types of grants-in-aid: –Categorical grants must be used only for a specific purpose. They require States to contribute their own funds, have an agency monitoring the grant, and obey federal guidelines for using the grant money. –Block grants have broader goals and fewer strings attached. –Project grants fund various State and local projects.

30. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 30 Chapter 4, Section 2

31. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 31 Chapter 4, Section 2 Types of Federal Grants, cont.

32. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 32 Chapter 4, Section 2 GUIDED READING Cooperative Federalism 5. The general term for federal money or resources granted to States or local governments is grants-in-aid programs

33. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 33 Chapter 4, Section 2 Other Types of Aid Federal organizations help many State institutions do their jobs. –The FBI assists State and local police.

34. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 34 Chapter 4, Section 2 Other Types of Aid Federal organizations help many State institutions do their jobs. –The U.S. military trains and equips State National Guard Units.

35. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 35 Chapter 4, Section 2 Other Types of Aid Federal organizations help many State institutions do their jobs. –The federal government also pays local governments the equivalent of property taxes on federal land.

36. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 36 Chapter 4, Section 2 Other Types of Aid State governments assist the national government in many ways. –State and local governments pay for and organize the election process.

37. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 37 Chapter 4, Section 2 Other Types of Aid State governments assist the national government in many ways. –State court regulate the naturalization process

38. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 38 Chapter 4, Section 2 Other Types of Aid State governments assist the national government in many ways. –State and local police assists the FBI.

39. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 39 Chapter 4, Section 2 GUIDED READING Cooperative Federalism 6. An example of a way that States aid the National Government is State and local election officials conduct national elections, State courts supervise the naturalization process; State and local police cooperate with the FBI.

40. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 40 Chapter 4, Section 2 GUIDED READING B. Reviewing Key Terms 7. federal money granted to a State for a specific purpose categorical grant 8. federal money given to States or other local governments with fewer-than-usual strings attached block grant 9. federal aid program in place from 1972–1987 in which Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue to the States revenue sharing 10. federal money given to private agencies, States, or local governments that apply for it project grant