1. Introduction to Human Physiology XIA Qiang, M.D. & Ph.D. Department of Physiology Room 518, Block C, Research Building School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus Email: xiaqiang@zju.edu.cn Tel: 88208252

2. Course Structure Lectures: 80 academic hours 5 a.h./week 2 a.h. on Tue., 3 a.h. on Fri. Practicals: 64 a.h. 4 a.h./week

3. Evaluation Participation in practicals: 5% Practical reports: 15% Weekly assessments & midterm exam: 20% Final examination: 60%

4. Recommended textbook Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2006) Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, Tenth Edition. McGraw-Hill.

5. Course website University Course Center: http://10.202.77.12/ Course website: http://10.202.77.12/JWCenterWeb/TemplateVi ew?tempName=null&id=null&websiteId=2651 9&type=1&codeName=columnsun&courseWe bsiteId=69995http://10.202.77.12/JWCenterWeb/TemplateVi ew?tempName=null&id=null&websiteId=2651 9&type=1&codeName=columnsun&courseWe bsiteId=69995

6. Physiology: the study of the logic of life Life Logic Study 生理学生理学

7. Physiology Plant Physiology Bacterial Physiology Viral Physiology Animal Physiology Human Physiology ……

8. Human Physiology Specific characteristics, functions and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being How ?What ?

9. Exercise Physiology

10. Aviation, high-altitude, and space physiology

11. Diving and Hyperbaric physiology

12. C. Galen (129-200) (Ancient Greco-Roman) History of Physiology

13. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) (Italian)

14. De Motu Cordis “On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood In Animals” (1628) (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ 1628harvey-blood.html) W. Harvey (1578-1657) (English) Rise of modern physiology

15. An Italian physiologist who used a microscope to discover the capillaries, crowning Harvey’s investigation M. Malpighi (1628-1694)

16. L. Galvani (1737-1798) (Italian)

17. (1813-1878) A French physiologist known for his idea of the internal environment

18. Павлов (Ivan Pavlov) (1849-1936) A Russian physiologist known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904

19. 中国生理学会 Chinese Association for Physiological Sciences (founded in 1926) 林可胜 (Robert Kho Seng Lim) (1897-1969) “Father of Chinese Modern Physiology”

20. Levels of Physiological research

21. 1. Cellular and molecular Physiology Measurement of cell shortening Cell length (  m) 120 90 5s Measurement of [Ca 2+ ] i 0.6 1.3 340/380 5s

23. 2. Organ and System Physiology

24. 3. Integrative Physiology Acute experiment

25. Chronic experiment

26. Body Fluid = 60% of Body Weight (BW) Intracellular Fluid 2/3, 40% of BW Extracellular Fluid 1/3, 20% of BW Plasma 5% of BW Interstitial Fluid 15% of BW 70 kg Male, 42 L Internal environment

27. External Environment Extracellular Fluid 1/3, 20% of BW Plasma 5% of BW Interstitial Fluid 15% of BW Internal Environment

28. Extracellular Fluid= Internal Environment

29. Homeostasis Homeostasis (from the Greek words for “same” and “steady”): maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment W. Cannon

30. Components of Homeostasis: l Concentration of O 2 and CO 2 l pH of the internal environment l Concentration of nutrients and waste products l Concentration of salt and other electrolytes l Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid

31. ----Regulation Body's systems operate together to maintain homeostasis: Skin systemSkeletal and muscular system Circulatory systemRespiratory system Digestive systemUrinary system Nervous systemEndocrine system Lymphatic systemReproductive system How is homeostasis achieved?

32. Regulation of body functions Nervous Regulation Humoral Regulation Autoregulation

33. Reflex Knee jerk reflex Nervous regulation

34. Receptor Afferent (sensory) nerve Reflex center (brain or spinal cord) Efferent (motor) nerve Effector Reflex Arc

35. Endocrine cells Hormone Receptor Traditional description of humoral regulation by hormone Humoral regulation

36. Endocrine action: the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells Paracrine action: the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood Autocrine action: the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it

37. Vasopressin Oxytocin Neuroendocrine (Neurosecretion)

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40. Definition: Intrinsic (independent of any neural or humoral influences) ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure Mechanism: Stretch-activated constriction of vessels Significance: Maintenance of near-constant cerebral, renal and coronary blood flow Autoregulation

41. 80~180 mmHg

42. Control systems of the body CYBERNETICS or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (MIT Press 1948) Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) Originator of Cybernetics

43. Open-loop system Seldom seen under physiological conditions Stress 1. Non-automatic Control System Control Center Effectors Stimulus Response

44. Closed-loop system Automatic control Negative feedback Positive feedback 2. Feedback Control System Control Center Effectors Stimulus Response

45. Negative feedback: common A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that change

46. Examples: Regulation of blood pressure, Regulation of body temperature, Regulation of hormone release…

47. Gain of the negative feedback: The degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains conditions Correction Error Gain=

48. Positive feedback: uncommon A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which amplifies that change +

49. Examples: Child birth Micturition Blood coagulation Vicious circle under pathophysiological conditions…

50. 3. Feed-forward Control Often seen in nervous system Rapid Adaptive control Examples: some muscle contraction, conditioned reflex

51. Control Center Effectors Stimulus Response Monitor Disturbance

52. Summary Terms: Internal environment Homeostasis Negative feedback Positive feedback Regulation of body functions

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