1. Industrialization – part 1 (Ch. 9, Sec. 2) 1. Cities Grow During Industrial Revolution 2. Living Conditions in Industrial Cities 3. Working Conditions During Industrial Revolution

2. How did cities change during the Industrial Revolution? Populations in cities all throughout Europe began to grow rapidly (urbanization) Rural people poured into the city from the countryside looking for jobs Factories developed along rivers & coal-rich areas, providing plenty of work London became Europe’s largest city, but Manchester & Liverpool also experienced rapid growth

3. What were living conditions like in the industrial cities? Cities grew too rapidly for city managers to keep up with pace Cities lacked development plans, building codes, or sanitary codes Most cities lacked adequate sewage disposal & garbage collected in heaps in the streets People lived in dark, dirty, overcrowded shelters & sickness was widespread Epidemics of deadly diseases (cholera) were common

4. What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution? Factories owners kept their machines running as many hours as possible Most workers put in 12-14 hour days, 6 days a week, in dangerous conditions Factories were dark (inadequate lighting), poorly ventilated, & filled with dangers There was no compensation for injured workers or even those who died on the job Women & children were exploited (lower pay, easier to manage)

5. Industrialization – part 2 (Ch. 9, Sec. 2) 1. New Middle Class Emerges 2. Positive Effects of Industrial Revolution 3. Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution

6. How did the Industrial Revolution change the social class system? The Industrial Revolution generated enormous amounts of wealth for factory owners A new middle class (including businessmen, bankers, & merchants) changed the social structure An upper middle class (professionals) & lower middle class (skilled workers) emerged, both enjoyed comfortable living However, the working class (manual labor) saw little improvement in their lives

7. What were the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution? On the positive side, it brought technical advances, created jobs, & increased production Machines created a better product at a much cheaper price than workers Many people wore better clothing, ate better, & could afford to heat their homes, but changes for working class were slow Workers had to form labor unions to battle employers for better pay & working conditions

8. Women working in factory

10. What were the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution? On the negative side, cities grew very rapidly (urbanization) & city managers were often overwhelmed Overcrowded conditions led to sickness & disease in the tenements (slums) Working class people saw little improvement in their lives & began to lose jobs to machines Workers were exposed to dangerous working conditions with no compensation for injuries or death