1. Evolution and Natural Selection Tutorial Introduction Natural Selection Genetic Drift Quiz

2. In this tutorial, you will learn:  How natural selection provides a mechanism for evolution.  Natural selection results from selective pressures in the environment and is not random.  There are also random processes like genetic drift that can upset genetic equilibrium.  Only natural selection results in adaptation. Credits: Figures and images by N. Wheat unless otherwise noted. Photo of Charles Darwin from Wikipedia.Wikipedia Elephant seal photo from pdphoto.org.pdphoto.org Funded by Title V-STEM grant P031S090007.

3. Early Ideas About Evolution  Carolus Linnaeus (1700’s)-Swedish Botanist developed a classification system for all types of organisms known at the time. Linnaeus abandoned the common belief that ALL organisms are fixed and did not change.  He proposed that some may have arisen through hybridization.

4. Early Ideas About Evolution Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1700’s)- French Naturalist that proposed that species shared ancestors instead of arising separately. Rejected the idea that the Earth was 6000 years old.

5. Early Ideas About Evolution Erasmus Darwin (1731)-English Doctor and poet. Proposed that all living things descended from a common ancestor and that more-complex forms of life arose from less-complex forms. Who do you think this guy is?

6. Early Ideas About Evolution Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809) -French naturalist proposed that all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity. Did not belief that organisms became extinct. Instead he reasoned that they must have evolved into different forms. Lamarck proposed that changes in the environment caused an organism’s behavior to change, leading to greater use or disuse of a structure or organ. The structure would become larger or smaller as a result. Organism would then pass these changes on to its offspring. Idea is known as Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.

7. Early Ideas About Evolution Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory. Georges Cuvier-French zoologist did not think species could change, he did believe that they could become extinct. Using the fossil record, different species that were found in different layers he proposed the following: Catastrophism- volcanoes, floods and earthquakes are events that were responsible for mass extinctions and the formation of all landforms, causing organisms to become extinct.

8. Early Ideas About Evolution Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory. James Hutton (1700’s)- Scottish geologist proposed that the changes he observed in landforms resulted from slow changes over a long period of time, a principle known as gradualism. He believed that the laying down of soil or the creation of canyons by rivers cutting through rock was a very slow process.

9. Early Ideas About Evolution Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory. Charles Lyell (1830’s)- expanded on Hutton’s theory of gradualism into uniformitarianism. Uniformitariansim- theory states that geologic processes that are still occurring today, add up over long periods of time and cause great change.

10. Introduction  Evolution – includes all of the changes in the characteristics and diversity of life that occur throughout time.  Evolution can occur on both large and small scales.  Microevolution  Macroevolution

11. Introduction  The concept of evolution, that organisms may change over time, was not new in Darwin’s time.  However, it was not a widely accepted concept because no one understood how it could work.  A mechanism was missing.

12. Natural Selection  Darwin provided that mechanism with his theory of Natural Selection.

13. Natural Selection  In any population of organisms there is natural variation.  Some of these variations will allow the organisms possessing them to survive and reproduce better than those without these particular traits.

14. Natural Selection  The successful traits will spread through the population.  This change in the frequency of alleles in the population is evolution.

15. Natural Selection – High Reproductive Potential  Darwin observed that organisms have the potential for very high fertility.  Organisms have the potential to produce, and often do produce large numbers of offspring.  Population size would quickly become unmanageable if all of the offspring survived.

16. Natural Selection – Population Size Remains Constant  Despite this high potential fertility, natural populations usually remain constant in size, except for small fluctuations.  Not all of the potential offspring survive.

17. Natural Selection – Limited Resources  Resources that organisms need to survive are limited.  Food, water, shelter, nesting sites, etc.

18. Natural Selection – Competition  If there are not enough resources for all of the individuals, there will be competition for those resources.  Survivors represent a small part of the individuals produced each generation.

19. Natural Selection – Populations Show Variation  Which individuals will survive is often not a matter of luck.  Populations show variation – individuals are not identical.  They differ in many different traits.

20. Natural Selection – Variation is Heritable  Some of the variation between individuals in the population is heritable.  It can be passed down from one generation to the next.

21. Natural Selection – Some traits Enhance Survival  Some of the traits found in the population enhance the survival and reproduction of the organisms possessing them.

22. Natural Selection – Adaptation  The favored traits will spread through the population.  Over many generations, the species will become adapted to its environment.  Over time, these changes can lead to the formation of a new species.

23. Adaptation  A species may become adapted to its environment in response to environmental pressures.  A trait may be favored due to enhanced survival or reproduction when faced with a particular aspect of the environment.

24. Adaptation  When an environment changes, or when individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to the new conditions.  Sometimes this results in a new species.  Geographical isolation

25. Populations Evolve  Individuals do not evolve; populations evolve.  Evolution is measured as changes in relative proportions of heritable variations in a population over several generations.

26. Natural Selection – Important Points  Natural selection can only work on heritable traits.  Acquired traits are not heritable and are not subject to natural selection.

27. Natural Selection – Important Points  Environmental factors are variable.  A trait that is beneficial in one place or time may be detrimental in another place or time.

28. Natural Selection – Important Points  Natural selection is not random. It occurs in response to environmental pressures and results in adaptation.

29. Natural Selection – Important Points  When natural selection is occurring, some individuals are having better reproductive success than others.  Alleles are being passed to the next generation in frequencies that are different from the current generation.  See the Tutorial on Microevolution!

30. Upsetting Genetic Equilibrium  Natural selection is not the only way that allele frequencies can change from one generation to the next.  Genetic Drift – a random loss of alleles.  Mutation – a new mutation can add alleles.  Nonrandom mating – inbreeding increases the number of homozygous traits.  Migration – shuffles alleles between populations; can prevent speciation.

31. Genetic Drift  The smaller the sample, the greater the chance of deviation from expected results.  These random deviations from expected frequencies are called genetic drift.  Allele frequencies are more likely to deviate from the expected in small populations.

32. Genetic Drift  Which allele gets lost is due to random chance.  Over time, drift tends to reduce genetic variation through random loss of alleles.  C R C R = red  C R C W = pink  C W C W = white Frequency C R = 0.5 Frequency C W = 0.5 Frequency C R = 0.7 Frequency C W = 0.3 Frequency C R = 1.0 Frequency C W = 0

33. The Bottleneck Effect  Sometimes a catastrophic event can severely reduce the size of a population.  The random assortment of survivors may have different allele frequencies.  This is a type of genetic drift called the bottleneck effect.

35. The Bottleneck Effect  The actions of people sometimes cause bottlenecks in other species.  N. California elephant seal population reduced to 20-100 individuals in the 1890s.  Current population > 30,000.  Variation drastically reduced – 24 genes with 1 allele.

36. The Founder Effect  Founder effect – Another type of genetic drift occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from the population and form a new population. The allele frequencies in their gene pool may be different than the original population.

37. A researcher studying the evolution of flight in birds is focusing on:  Microevolution Microevolution  Macroevolution Macroevolution  The bottleneck effect The bottleneck effect Question 1

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40. What was the mechanism of evolution that Darwin proposed?  Natural Selection Natural Selection  Macroevolution Macroevolution  Genetic drift Genetic drift  Chromosomal basis of inheritance Chromosomal basis of inheritance Question 2

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43. In every population there is variation. It is important that this variation  Involves a variety of colors Involves a variety of colors  Is heritable Is heritable  Is not noticeable Is not noticeable  Is acquired during an organisms lifetime Is acquired during an organisms lifetime Question 3

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46. During natural selection, some organisms will survive & reproduce better than others. This is due to:  Random chance Random chance  Humans choosing which animals to breed Humans choosing which animals to breed  Environmental pressures resulting in organisms with certain traits having the best reproductive success Environmental pressures resulting in organisms with certain traits having the best reproductive success  Luck Luck Question 4

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49. Which statement about adaptation is NOT true?  A species may become adapted to its environment in response to environmental pressures. A species may become adapted to its environment in response to environmental pressures.  A species is perfectly adapted to its environment from the beginning. A species is perfectly adapted to its environment from the beginning.  As favored traits spread through the population, a species will become adapted to its environment. As favored traits spread through the population, a species will become adapted to its environment.  When an environment changes, or when individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to the new conditions, sometimes this results in a new species. When an environment changes, or when individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to the new conditions, sometimes this results in a new species. Question 5

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52. How can allele frequencies change from one generation to the next?  Genetic drift Genetic drift  Natural selection Natural selection  Mutation Mutation  Migration Migration  All of the above All of the above Question 6

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55. Which of the following is NOT due to random chance?  Genetic drift Genetic drift  The bottleneck effect The bottleneck effect  Natural selection Natural selection  The founder effect The founder effect Question 7

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58. After a catastrophe reduces the size of a population, the survivors may have a different set of allele frequencies. This is called  The bottleneck effect The bottleneck effect  Natural selection Natural selection  The founder effect The founder effect  All of the above All of the above Question 8

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