1. Post-Kyoto: Copenhagen Copenhagen Accord – Leading up to the meeting – developing country arguments: Developed countries must “take the lead” NAMAs must be non-binding – U.S. argument: No China/India, no U.S.

2. Post-Kyoto: Copenhagen Accord Agreements – Stabilize concentrations at a level that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system Increase should be below 2 degrees Celsius – Agree that the countries need deep cuts in global emissions – and that emissions must peak as soon as possible i.e., emissions must stop increasing

3. Post-Kyoto: Copenhagen Accord Agree to increased action on adaptation, especially in least developed countries, small islands, and Africa

4. Post-Kyoto: Copenhagen Accord Emissions limitations – Annex-I Parties: economy wide targets by 2020 – to be submitted later – Non-Annex I Parties: NAMAs – to be submitted later REDD More money - $30 billion 2010-2012/ $100 billion per year by 2020 Technology mechanism Assess Accord by 2015

5. Post-Kyoto: Copenhagen Accord Examples of Annex I commitments – Australia – reduce emissions by up to 25% below 2000 baseline if reach agreement/ 5% if not – EU – 20% if no post-KP; 30% if post-KP agreement – Japan – 25% if all major economies participate – U.S. – 17% below 2005 baseline

6. Post-Kyoto: Copenhagen Accord Examples of non-Annex I commitments – Brazil – reduced deforestation; increase biofuels, increase alternative energy – China – lower emissions per GDP (carbon intensity) by 40-45% – India – reduce intensity by 20-25% – S. Africa – 34% reduction based on business as usual

7. Intensity Targets

8. Headroom Targets

9. Post-Kyoto: After Copenhagen Meetings in Cancun, Mexico, and Durban, South Africa – Still unclear what will happen – Seems like the Kyoto Protocol will be “extended,” but it is unclear how or what the targets and timetables will look like

10. Post-Kyoto: After Copenhagen – What about the U.S. and China?

12. Sectoral and Domestic Efforts Sectoral approach – Electricity – Transportation – Agriculture – Residential – Waste management

13. Energy Efficiency

14. Methane Capture

15. Transportation

16. Renewable energy

17. Renewable energy + transportation

18. Even in the United States... Fuel economy standards New regulatory requirements for coal plants and other facilities Investments in renewable energy

19. What do you think? Should parties continue to focus on an international regime? Is it a good idea to have each Party set its own emissions reductions requirements? Should people interested in climate change mitigation focus on domestic or even local actions? How much would you be willing to pay for emissions reductions?