1. 1 HBD Run7 Report T.K. Hemmick for the HBD crew PHENIX Collaboration Meeting, Boulder, July 12, 2007

2. 2 The 3 main properties of the HBD 1. As expected 2. OK. 3. Encouraging. Needs more work. 2. Electron detection efficiency1. Electron - hadron separation 3. N 0 or single/double electron separation

3. 3 Outline  Detector operation  HV problem  Electronics  Photocathodes  Recirculation gas system  Gas transmission monitor system  Detector performance  Position resolution  Gain  e-h separation  Electron detection efficiency  Single vs. double electron separation  New GEM production

4. 4 Operation

5. 5 HV problem  Main cause of massive trips: Normal GEM spark would cause Lecroy HV to trip Mesh also trips leaving large stored energy on filter capacitor As GEM voltage goes to zero, large  V develops across gap between mesh and top GEM, ultimately resulting in a large spark Light from the mesh  GEM spark induces sparks in other GEMs leading to a massive trip.  Visual inspection of HBD West confirmed this picture (see next slide)  The massive trips did a lot of irreversible damage, destabilizing the entire detector and requiring reconditioning.  The problem was exacerbated by: The over-current protection that transformed genuine sparks into massive trips The attempts to reach 3800V (which corresponds to a gain of 10 4 according to our lab measurements but was way too high for the actual gain at the IR). The operation of modules with large negative dI.  Work in progress: What causes the non-linear V vs. I behavior of damaged GEMs? Can it be cured by ultra-sound cleaning or by air gun? It is interesting that the non-linear behavior in one GEM disappeared when dismounting it from the vessel for inspection.

6. 6 Visual Inspection “Pock Marks”: Four patches (one per quadrant). These match locations of GEM-mesh sparks. These DO draw the non-linear currents.

7. 7 Mesh  GEM sparks solutions Good SolutionBetter Solution  During the run: Install resistors in the mesh chain to provide a path to ground for the stored charge to go in case of trip.  Other (better?) solutions under consideration:  install Zener diodes to limit the voltage between the mesh and the top GEM to less than 300V.  Use a CAEN PS, as used during the entire R&D period at the WI, that provides a path to ground whenever a trip condition occurs.

8. 8 After the fix  The trip frequency dropped dramatically after adding the resistors to the mesh chain.  The frequency increases during week 10 and 12 are correlated to bad weather. We definitely need to adjust the operating conditions to changes in atmospheric pressure. Trip frequency per week and per module  ES3 was a perfect module (10,10, 10) till its top GEM got damaged by a massive trip.  The damaged top GEM remained quite stable during the rest of the run  All other operating modules had at least one damaged GEM. Most of them remained stable till the end of the run.

9. 9 Readout, noise and event size nThe entire readout chain worked reliably and smoothly during the entire duration of the run. nElectronic noise was excellent in all modules. Typically  = 1.5 ADC counts corresponding to 0.15 fC or 0.2 p.e. at a gain of 5000. nDuring the run, 2 modules (WN1 and WS3) developed an anomalous high noise at HV greater than ~3000 V nSimple zero suppression was implemented early in the run: sample(8) – sample(0) > n.  n However, event size remained large due to the scintillation light that generates genuine signals. n A new readout scheme was developed and implemented around mid-May that reduced the event size by a factor of 2 without any loss of information. Normal module One of the two noisy modules

10. 10 Photocathodes  Relative QE scan of three top GEMs removed from HBD West.  They show full QE on all three modules (like brand new!!) and no evidence of any QE change, in spite of the relatively high levels of water in the detector for several months.  The flash lamp monitoring at the IR showed these three GEMs as having 100%, 25% and 150% of the expected QE, respectively.

11. 11 Recirculation gas system  The recirculation gas system worked very well.  The H 2 O degassing/diffusion rate was too high. To reduce absorption it was necessary to increase the flow rate through the detector. With small changes it was possible to increase the gas flow by a factor of 2 above the design value.  With a flow of 5 lpm, the absorption is estimated to be 10-15%.  Modifications of the gas system are planned to allow increase of the gas flow by at least another factor of 2 in run8.  For several months we had a large disagreement between the the H 2 O sensor of the Panametrics monitor (giving readings of about 10 ppm ) and the transmission measurements (corresponding to about 80 ppm of water). Explanation: the Panametrics sensor is damaged by CF4, leading to too low ppm values of water.  A new sensor, installed toward the end of the run, showed also signs of getting damaged (a decrease of the ppm reading not corroborated by the transmission monitor).  Panametrics is studying the case.  A Kahn hygrometer, supposedly more robust with aggressive gases like CF4, has been ordered.

12. 12 Gas transmission monitor system Typical transmission measurement at a flow of 5 lpm Gas in W in bypassHBD-E out

13. 13 Gas transmission summary With a flow of 5 lpm we still loose some 10-15% of the p.e.. We plan to further increase the gas flow in run8 to reduce the losses.

14. 14 Detector Performance (So far looked at “peripheral” events with up to 50 tracks in the central arms)

15. 15 Tracking & position resolution Run 226502 ES4 at 3600V FB Position resolution:  z ≈   ≈ 1 cm Dictated by pad size: hexagon a = 1.55 cm (2a/√12 = 0.9 cm) Hadrons selected in central arm: Vertex +/- 20 cm < 50 tracks 3  matching to PC3 and EMCal n0 < 0 EMC energy < 0.5 Projected onto HBD:  Z in HBD +/- 2 cm  in HBD +/- 25 mrad

16. 16 Hadron Blindness & e-h separation Electron - hadron separation (RB)Hadron rejection factor Hadron suppression illustrated by comparing hadron spectra in FB and RB (same number of central tracks) Results very similar to those obtained in previous lab or beam tests

17. 17 Electron detection efficiency  Identify e in central arm using RICH and EMCal  Project central arm track to HBD  Relative e-detection efficiency in HBD obtained by varying the charge threshold of the closest (matched) pad EN3 G ≈ 3300 (several runs at “nominal” voltage) All modules ≈ 6600 (Run 237092 “nominal” voltage + 100V) ~4 p.e.  Start to loose efficiency at pad threshold larger than about 4p.e. Is it a real efficiency loss or are we loosing efficiency for electrons converted in the gas near the GEMs? Needs further study.

18. 18 Electron analysis n RB runs # 237092 & 237095 with +100V, ~13.7M mb events, after +/- 20 cm vertex cut ~9.3M mb events n Used “peripheral” events with < 50 DC+PC1 tracks in both arms n High quality tracks 31 or 63 3  matching cuts to EMC n 0 > 2, disp < 5,    npe < 10 n 0.6 < E/p < 1.2 n n HBD analysis steps: 1. read all HBD pads in the event 2. apply gain equilibration 3. build the clusters with A > 10 ADC counts 4. project the electron track to HBD and look for a closest pad with A > 50 ADC counts 5. Apply the matching cuts for corresponding cluster in |  Z| < 2 cm and |  < 30 mrad

19. 19 Single vs double electron separation  For a better comparison should restrict the East arm mass spectrum to the same acceptance as the HBD.  HBD response is a mixture of single, double electrons and a “continuum” (from pad threshold to double electron response) due to conversions in CF 4.  Hint of single vs. double hit separation?  Nr of p.e. (18?) is on the low side but not too far from the theoretical limit (36 p.e.) considering the known losses:  pad threshold ~10%  reverse bias ~15-20%  gas transmission ~15%  Need at least a factor of 10 more statistics to start looking at rejection. Data production is underway. e + e - pair spectrum in the central East arm Inclusive Matched to HBD-E Pulse height of matched hits in HBD-E 18 p.e.

20. 20 Various means… nExpected separation between single and double electron hits for various n pe values: uincludes Poisson statistics with mean = n pe ueach photo-electron has been smeared with an exponential of mean one. 302520 15105 N pe =

21. 21 Revisiting the single p.e. detection efficiency Is electron attachment in CF 4 affecting the single p.e. detection efficiency? Width of 55 Fe peaks in CF 4 (  /mean = 15%) are consistent with statistics of 109 e’s convoluted with exponential gain of each e. Electron scattering cross-sections in Ar and CF 4 : elastic momentum transfer (σ m ), vibrational excitation (σ ν4, σ ν3, σ νind ), electron attachment (σ a ), dissociation (σ d ), excitation (σ exc ), and ionization (σ ion ).  Detection efficiency reaches saturation at V GEM1 > 480V and E trans > 2.7 kV/cm.  The absolute detection efficiency in CH 4 was measured to be ~1 at a gain of 20.  Do the similar rates measured with CF 4 provide a proof of full detection efficiency also in CF 4 ?

22. 22 Gain

23. 23 Identification of scintillation hits: Single pad hits (not belonging to tracks)  Exploit the scintillation light to derive the gain of the detector In FB mode we see two components:  a fast exponential distribution due to scintillation  a slow exponential distribution due to charged particles As expected, in RB mode:  the scintillation signal survives entirely  the charged particle signal is strongly suppressed Zoom

24. 24 Gain derived from the scintillation (I) Scintillation hit identification: Use peripheral events defined by the number of central tracks Use single pad hits which do not belong to any track Gain determination: Fit the range (10-50) ADC channels with an exponential function 1/slope increase with event multiplicity Gain = 1/slope (where = avrg nr of scintillation photons in a fired pad) Assuming the nr of scintillation photons per pad follows a Poisson distribution: A fired pad measures: = P(0) = probability to have no hit in a pad = =

25. 25 Gain derived from the scintillation (II)  P(0) is not measured  Determine the probability P(0,th) of not firing a pad for a given threshold and extrapolate to zero threshold P(0,th) = 1 – [nr of fired pads (A>th)] / [total nr of pads]* * The large pads are excluded in this analysis i.e. the total nr of pads = 93 or 94.

26. 26 It does work for all modules… Run 230661 HV: nominal … and different HV setting = 5.9 = 5.7 Run 237092 HV: nominal +100 = 9.5 = 10.9 = 5.3

27. 27 Absolute gain  ADC calibration used here: 10 ADC ch = 1 fC  The gains are still high compared to NIM paper :  EN3: 237092 HV= 3580V  V GEM = 481 V Gain [NIM]* = 1580 230661 HV= 3480V  V GEM = 468 V Gain [NIM]* = 660 *G = exp[0.066  V – 24.395] dI [%] 0.65 0.54 0.70 0.01 0.56 0.39 0.51 0.51 0.65 0.08 0.60 ----

28. 28 Gain derived from mip signal (I) Procedure:  Runs 230665 (“nominal” voltage) and run 237095 (“nominal” + 100V)  Events with less than 50 tracks in the E arm  Select hadrons tracks in the E arm Vertex +/- 20 cm < 50 tracks matching to PC3 and EMCal n0 < 0 EMC energy < 0.5  Project & match to HBD   = ±0.03 rad  z = ± 2 cm  Subtract random matching  Fit pulse height with Landau distribution (in the range ADC > 30 and 75 for the two runs).  Use the mean of the fit to define the gain

29. 29 Gain derived from mip signal (II) Red: all cluster sizes Blue: single pad cluster Filled symbols: high gain run 237095 Open symbols: low gain run 230665

30. 30  mip absolute gain derived assuming a primary charge of 18e in a 1.5 mm drift gap (as measured in KEK).  The gain derived from scintillation is very reliable.  The gain values derived from scintillation and mip signal are consistent within 30%  but the gains measured at the IR are a factor of ~4 higher than measured in the lab.  The origin of this puzzle is not understood.  Long term effect of gain saturation in the GEMs? Comparison of gain derived from mip and scintillation signal

31. 31 More on scintillation Shades in PISA: height 2.5cm, spacing 2.5cm x 2.5cm  The scintillation hits provide a very convenient and reliable mean to determine the detector gain.  However, it seems that we see much more scintillation hits than expected, primarily due to tracks crossing the detector and not originating from the vertex (not yet fully quantified).  As a consequence, the occupancy in central Au-Au collisions is high and affects the pattern recognition (clusters are huge).  Double approach:  Install shades to reduce the scintillation light. MC studies underway to optimize the geometry and quantify the reduction of scintillation light seen by the CsI photocathode as well as the loss of Cherenkov light.  develop a new cluster algorithm to cope with the scintillation background.

32. 32 New GEM production Towards run8

33. 33 Status of GEM production at WIS n 25 Au plated and 30 standard GEMs were ordered from CERN n A first batch of 20 GEMs (10 standard + 10 Au plated) was received at WI on May 15. A second and final shipment completing the order was received at the end of June. n Production proceeds at a nominal rate of 1 GEM per day and an average of 5 GEMs per week. n Priority is given to the production of Au plated GEMs. n The production includes the following quality tests (same tests as last year): 1. 100V test in air (clean room) of the foil before framing 2. 100V test after framing 3. 100V test after soldering SMD resistors 4. 550V test in CF 4 in the lab 5. Gain mapping in Ar/CO 2 at 484V n So far 18 GEMs have been fully tested and are in the database. n A box with 24 GEMs -15 standard (12 from last year spares + 3 from this year) and 9 Au plated (3 + 6)- has already been shipped to SB. n A second box should be ready by the end of July.

34. 34 Work at BNL n A new HV board under construction for test at BNL n Increase gas flow of recirculation gas system  Remeasure the scintillation yield in CF 4

35. 35 Cleaning the glovebox and the HBD vessel is top priority before production starts  Laminar table (ONLY place where GEMs are handled in air) is better than class 1.  The tent is quite clean w/ typically class 100-200.  Glovebox should be better than class 100 as it was before. This requires: u Opening it; Clean everything; Close it. u New HEPA filters? (probably a good idea) u Test empty u Test Full u Added additional filtering…tested yesterday at Class 20 and falling. n HBD vessel should be clean at least at the same level. The preferred solution: u empty it and keep the GEMs in HVAC to preserve QE. u Allows interior of HBD to be cleaned as well. u Still allows later testing with old GEMs. u Allows tests of things like Ultrasound cleaning of Cu GEMs that draw non-linear currents. u Allows test fits of Blinds

36. 36 Production at SB  Sequence of operations and tests foreseen during the production at SB:  Full HV operation in CF 4 of each triple stack inside the test box before assembly into the HBD vessel.  Assembly inside HBD W vessel  Close HBD W vessel once a few modules (3 to 4) are installed and perform full HV operation in CF 4. This is a time consuming step. Requires closing the HBD, flushing gas for several days before doing the test and reopening the vessel to complete the module assembly. But it is considered to be a crucial test.  Complete module installation inside the vessel.  Close HBD W, take out of glove box, flush with CF 4 and perform a full detector HV test before shipping to BNL.  Repeat same sequence on HBD E.  Production ready to start

37. 37 Things are ready at Stony Brook Evaporator working. Test shot done recently. QE measurement system working LEGS gas system up and running in recirculation mode with increase flow and safety system Many new students arriving: Thomas Videbaek, Leila Makdisi, Cristina Chu, …