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Thanks to Jim Hendler, Carl Lagoze, Jayavel Shanmugasundaram, Sara Cohen, Jonathan Mamou, Yaron Kanza, Mark Sapossnek, Yehoshua Sagiv, Frank van Harmelen.

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Presentation on theme: "Thanks to Jim Hendler, Carl Lagoze, Jayavel Shanmugasundaram, Sara Cohen, Jonathan Mamou, Yaron Kanza, Mark Sapossnek, Yehoshua Sagiv, Frank van Harmelen."— Presentation transcript:

1 Thanks to Jim Hendler, Carl Lagoze, Jayavel Shanmugasundaram, Sara Cohen, Jonathan Mamou, Yaron Kanza, Mark Sapossnek, Yehoshua Sagiv, Frank van Harmelen XML, RDF and Advanced Search (Semantic Web)

2 What we have covered What is IR Evaluation Tokenization and properties of text Web crawling Query models Vector methods Measures of similarity Indexing Inverted files Basics of internet and web Spam and SEO Search engine design Google and Link Analysis Social network analysis –This lecture: metadata, XML, RDF; issues in advanced search and the Semantic Web

3 The importance of data and their rules Tim Berners-Lee –inventor of the world wide web –Founder of the W3C Presentation at Ted

4 “Metadata is data about data” Metadata and Markup languages Metadata often is written in XML

5 Metadata is semi-structured data conforming to commonly agreed upon models, providing operational interoperability in a heterogeneous environment

6 What is metadata? Some simple definitions ‘Structured data about data’. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative FAQ, 2005 –http://dublincore.org/resources/faq/ Machine-understandable information about Web resources or other things. Tim Berners-Lee, W3C, 1997 –http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Metadata

7 "Web resources or other things" –HTML documents –digital images –databases –books –museum objects –archival records –metadata records –Web sites –collections –services –physical places –people –organizations –“works” –formats –concepts –events Metadata might be "about"… anything!

8 What is metadata? Towards a "functional" view Data associated with objects which relieves their potential users of having to have full advance knowledge of their existence or characteristics. Lorcan Dempsey & Rachel Heery, "Metadata: a current view of practice and issues", 1998 –http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/publications/jdmetadata/

9 What is metadata? Towards a "functional" view Structured data about resources that can be used to help support a wide range of operations. Michael Day, "Metadata in a Nutshell", 2001 –http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/publications/nutshell/

10 What is metadata? Towards a "functional" view Data associated with objects which relieves their potential users of having to have full advance knowledge of their existence or characteristics. Lorcan Dempsey & Rachel Heery, "Metadata: a current view of practice and issues", 1998 –http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/publications/jdmetadata/ Structured data about resources that can be used to help support a wide range of operations. Michael Day, "Metadata in a Nutshell", 2001 –http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/publications/nutshell/

11 What might metadata "say"? What is this called? What is this about? Who made this? When was this made? Where do I get (a copy of) this? When does this expire? What format does this use? Who is this intended for? What does this cost? Can I copy this? Can I modify this? What are the component parts of this? What else refers to this? What did "users" think of this? (etc!)

12 What operations/functions? resource disclosure & discovery resource retrieval, use resource management, including preservation verification of authenticity intellectual property rights management commerce content-rating authentication and authorization personalization and localization of services (etc!)

13 What operations/functions? Different functions : different metadata Metadata (and metadata standards) sometimes classified according to function –Descriptive: primarily for discovery, retrieval –Administrative: primarily for management –Structural: relationships between component parts of resources –Contextual: relationships between resources No “one size fits all solution”!

14 Metadata importance “data about data” is about as good as the definition gets... As a data resource grows, metadata becomes more important Lack of metadata has different consequences –documentation: metadata can be regenerated automatically, or by hand –datasets, pictures: once lost, can be impossible to regenerate

15 Types of Metadata Descriptive –Discovery / description of objects Title, author, abstract, etc. Structural –Storage & presentation of objects 1 pdf file, 1 ppt file, 1 LaTeX file, etc. Administrative –Managing and preservation of objects Access control lists, terms and conditions, format descriptions, “meta-metadata” See http://www.loc.gov/standards/metadata.html

16 Which View is Correct? figure 1 from: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january01/lagoze/01lagoze.html

17 Approaches to Metadata from Ng, Park and Burnett, 1997 (also JASIS, 50(13)) http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~sypark/asis.html –library science: bibliographic control “organizing the physical containers of information, by means of bibliographical description, subject analysis, and classification notation construction, so that the container can be efficiently described, identified, located and retrieved” –computer and information science: data management “not only to store, access and utilize data effectively, but also to provide data security, data sharing, and data integrity”

18 Metadata and Cataloging In library science, metadata issues are closely tied with cataloging issues –purpose of a catalog (Cutter, 1904): enable a person to find a book show what the library has assist in the choice of a work Does computer science has a “cataloging” analog coupled with metadata?

19 DL Metadata Issues Who provides metadata? –author? “publisher”? professional cataloger? extracted from content? Is metadata “integrated” with data? –related question: is metadata a first class object? Formats! –which ones? –extensible? –paradox: the more powerful the format, the less likely it will be used...

20 Metadata Formats and Implementation Use markup languages –Interoperable –Extensible –Robust Permits advance search features When online, the beginning of a semantic web!

21 Interesting Formats Library science –Machine Readable Catalogue (MARC): huge, extensive, all purpose, one size fits all format pro: does everything con: kids, don’t try this at home! Computer science –application-specific formats: refer, BibTeX, RFC-1807, etc. Dublin Core - common ground?

22 What is a markup language? Textual (i.e. person readable) language where significant elements are indicated by markers – XML Examples are RTF, HTML, XML, TEX etc. Easy to process and can be manipulated by a variety of application programs

23 What is SGML? Standard Generalized Markup Language ISO 8879 Can define any document format of any complexity Enables, extensibility, structure and validation Too many optional features for the Web

24 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) Based on GML (generalized markup language), developed by IBM in the 1960s An international standard (ISO 8879:1986) defines how descriptive markup should be embedded in a document Can define any document format of any complexity Enables, extensibility, structure and validation Too many optional features for the Web Gave birth to the extensible markup language (XML), W3C recommendation in 1998

25 The Purpose of SGML SGML is designed to make your information last longer than the systems that created it. Such longevity also implies immunity to short-term changes -- such as a change from one application program to another -- so SGML is also inherently designed for re-purposing and portability.

26 What is SGML? SGML (and it's derivatives, HTML and XML) are ASCII character based representations of electronic data Remember, it's all bits--meaning is derived from how they are organized… Think of SGML docs as strings that must be parsed--A web browser parses an HTML doc and uses the markup codes to display the data contained Since it's all ASCII, these docs can also be handled by non parsing tools (such as vi, emacs, perl, etc.)

27 What is SGML? SGML is: –very large, powerful and complex –been in heavy industrial and commercial use for two decades (ISO standard 1985) –XML is lightweight, cut down version of SGML

28 SGML  XML  HTML SGML is the “mother tongue” – but is overkill for most common desktop applications. XML is an abbreviated version of SGML easier to define own document types easier for programmers to write programs to handle documents (and data) omits all the options (and most of more complex and less- used parts) of SGML) HTML is just one of many SGML or XML “applications” – most frequently used on the Web

29 SGML Components SGML documents have three parts: Declaration: specifies which characters and delimiters may appear in the application DTD (document type definition) / style sheet: defines the syntax of markup constructs Document instance: actual text (with the tag) of the documents More info could be found: http://www.W3.Org/markup/SGML http://www.W3.Org/markup/SGML

30 World Wide Web (W3C) Consortium

31 What is XML? XML – eXtensible Markup Language designed to improve the functionality of the Web by providing more flexible and adaptable information and identification “extensible” because not a fixed format like HTML a language for describing other languages (a meta- language) design your own customised markup language

32 The HTML World XML and Information Retrieval: A SIGIR 2000 Workshop The workshop was held on 28 July 2000. The editors of the workshop were David Carmel, Yoelle Maarek, and Aya Soffer XQL and Proximal Nodes The paper was authored by Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Gonzalo Navarro. The abstract of this paper is given below. We consider the recently proposed language … The paper references the following papers: … …

33 The XML World XML and Information Retrieval: A SIGIR 2000 Workshop David Carmel, Yoelle Maarek, Aya Soffer XQL and Proximal Nodes Ricardo Baeza-Yates Gonzalo Navarro We consider the recently proposed language … Searching on structured text is becoming more important with XML … The XQL language … … …

34 Why use XML? XML is written in SGML – the Standardized General Markup Language, an international standard (ISO 8879) XML = very simple dialect of SGML goal = enable generic SGML to be served, received and processed on the Web in ways not possible with HTML

35 Why use XML? XML is not just for Web pages use to store any kind of structured document to enclose/encapsulate information in order to pass it between different computing systems that are otherwise unable to communicate

36 Key feature of XML An application is free to use XML tagged data in many different ways, e.g. produce an image generate a formatted text listing display the XML document’s markup in pretty colors restructure the data into a format for storing in a database, transmission over a network, input to another program.

37 XML is important because... Removes 2 constraints that held back Web development: dependence on a single, inflexible document type (HTML) [much abused] reduced the complexity of full SGML [many options but hard to program]

38 XML… allows the flexible development of user-defined document types. provides a robust, non-proprietary, persistent, and verifiable file format for the storage and transmission of text and data both on and off the Web

39 XML Software? many programs are “XML ready” already today. xml.coverpages.org covers news of new additions to XML

40 Is XML a Computer Language? XML is not C or C++ or like any other programming language By itself, it cannot specify calculations, actions, decisions to be carried out in any order XML is a markup specification language

41 XML - a Markup Language with XML, you can design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission or processing by a program XML conveys no information about what should be done with the data or text – it merely describes it. By itself, XML does anything – it is a data description format

42 How do I run or execute an XML file? You can’t and you don’t ! XML is not a programming language XML is a markup specification language XML files are just data (waiting for a program to do something with them) XML files can be viewed with an XML editor or XML-compatible browser

43 Things to Remember XML does not replace HTML – it provides an alternative which allows you to define your own set of markup elements to a published standard: – – Hello, world! – Stop the planet, I want to get off! –

44 Things to Remember All parts of an XML document are case sEnSiTiVe Element type names are case sensitive, so … is out. Attribute names are case sensitive … and describe different attributes, not just different values for the attribute “PIC width”.

45 What is XQuery? –XQuery is the language for querying XML data The best way to explain XQuery is to say that XQuery is to XML what SQL is to database tables. –XQuery uses XPath expressions to extract XML data. XPath is a language for finding information in an XML document. XPath is used to navigate through elements and attributes in an XML document. –XQuery is defined by the W3C. –XQuery is supported by all the major database engines (IBM, Oracle, Microsoft, etc.) XQuery 1.0 W3C Recommendation

46 Motivation for XML Search It is becoming increasingly popular to publish data on the Web in the form of XML documents. Current search engines, which are an indispensable tool for finding HTML documents, have two main drawbacks when it comes to searching for XML documents. –It is not possible to pose queries that explicitly refer to XML tags. –Search engines return references (i.e. links) to documents and not specific fragments thereof. This is problematic, since large XML documents may contain thousands of elements storing many pieces of information that are not necessarily related to each other.

47 The HTML World XML and Information Retrieval: A SIGIR 2000 Workshop The workshop was held on 28 July 2000. The editors of the workshop were David Carmel, Yoelle Maarek, and Aya Soffer XQL and Proximal Nodes The paper was authored by Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Gonzalo Navarro. The abstract of this paper is given below. We consider the recently proposed language … The paper references the following papers: … …

48 The XML World XML and Information Retrieval: A SIGIR 2000 Workshop David Carmel, Yoelle Maarek, Aya Soffer XQL and Proximal Nodes Ricardo Baeza-Yates Gonzalo Navarro We consider the recently proposed language … Searching on structured text is becoming more important with XML … The XQL language … … …

49 A query language for XML, such as XQuery, can be used to extract data from XML documents. However, such a query language is not an alternative to an XML search engine for several reasons. –The syntax of XQuery is more complicated than the syntax of a standart search query. Hence, it is not appropriate for a naive user. –Extensive knowledge of the document structure is required in order to correctly formulate a query. Thus, queries must be formulated on a per document basis. –XQuery lacks any mechanism for ranking answers. Solution - XML Search engine Problems with XQuery

50 XML Search Tool Design Features? A simple syntax that can be used by naive users Search results should include XML fragments and not necessarily full documents The XML fragments in an answer, should be semantically related –For example, a paper and an author should be in an answer only if the paper was written by this author Search results should be ranked Search results should be returned in “reasonable” time

51 XML Search Engines Summary of XML engines –Open source ones starting to emerge Or just use web search engine with filetype:xml –Usually doesn’t work! Many for commercial use and some in design –Active research area Web XML is a step in the direction of the semantic web!

52 What is Web 2.0 ? Term coined by Tim O’Reilly and Media Live International as part of brainstorming session about the future of the web in 2005 Also may be called the Live Web or Living Web Refers to more interactive technologies that engage, facilitate and empower users Companies utilizing interactive technologies are the hot investments Companies are just starting to embrace these technologies for business value Tim’s Def (Video); Schmidt’s (Video)Video The Machine (Video)Video

53 Web 1.0 vs 2.0 (Some Examples) Web 1.0 Web 2.0 DoubleClick-->Google AdSense Ofoto-->Flickr Akamai-->BitTorrent mp3.com-->Napster Britannica Online-->Wikipedia personal websites-->blogging domain name speculation-->search engine optimization page views-->cost per click screen scraping-->web services publishing-->participation content management systems-->wikis directories (taxonomy)-->tagging ("folksonomy") stickiness-->syndication Source: www.oreilly.com, “What is web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the next Generation of Software”, 9/30/2005www.oreilly.com

54 Web 3.0 This will be the INTELLIGENT Web! The Semantic Web!

55 How will we get the semantic web? Now... that should clear up a few things around here

56 The Web and Web 2.0 were designed with humans in mind. (Human Understanding) The Web 3.0 will anticipate our needs! Whether it is State Department information when traveling, foreign embassy contacts, airline schedules, hotel reservations, area taxis, or famous restaurants: the information. The new Web will be designed for computers. (Machine Understanding) The Web 3.0 will be designed to anticipate the meaning of the search.

57 Web 2.0 vs Web 3.0 Web 2.0 : On the Web, you can see your e- mails, photographs, and restaurant appointments. Web 3.0: On the Web......you can see your photographs arranged so that you know what restaurants you visited on a particular date, and based on related emails sent that day.

58 The next stage for the Web will be making data accessible to artificial intelligence agents. The Web 3.0 will need new languages beyond HTML or XML. That is the case of RDF or Resource Description Framework. The Web 3.0 will need data delivered in computer-readable form (RDF).

59 General idea of Semantic Web Make current web more machine accessible and intelligent! (currently all the intelligence is in the user) Motivating use-cases Search engines concepts, not keywords semantic narrowing/widening of queries Shopbots semantic interchange, not screenscraping E-commerce –Negotiation, catalogue mapping, personalisation Web Services –Need semantic characterisations to find them Navigation by semantic proximity, not hardwired links.....

60 Example Try these queries with Google:Google –Distance between Paris and Madrid Google returns: www.freedom-tour.com/mall/kmeurope.htm (giving you distances in miles and kilometers) –(The) Largest city of France Google returns: France – Largest City: Paris –(The) Largest city of Spain Google returns: Spain – Largest City: Madrid Now, try these with Google: –Distance between largest city of France and largest city of Spain –Distance between“largest city of France”and “largest city of Spain” –And worst, Distance between“the largest city of France” and “the largest city of Spain” – No result returned by Google!

61 Example So, what’s wrong with Google? –Nothing. The problem is with the World Wide Web: The Web contains unstructured information –and Google is a keyword- and phrase-based search engine Initiative to make the contents on the Web structured information/represented knowledge –the Semantic Web

62 General idea of Semantic Web(2) Do this by: Somehow making data and metadata available on the Web in machine-understandable form (formalized) Structure the data and meta-data in ontologies These are non-trivial design decisions. Alternative would be:

63 Expressed using the W3C stack

64 What it’s like to be a machine on the Web

65 Required are: Explicit meta-data Shared domain descriptions  Machine-processable content  Machine-support for interoperability

66 machine accessible meaning (What it’s like to be a machine) CV name education work private

67 XML  machine accessible meaning CV name education work private

68 So why not just use XML? No agreement on: –structure is country a: –object? –class? –attribute? –relation? –something else? what does nesting mean? –vocabulary is country the same as nation? 020 020 Netherlands Amsterdam 020 Netherlands Amsterdam 020 ● Are the above XML documents the same? ● Do they convey the same information? ● Is that information machine-accessible?

69 “2 nd aim of Semantic Web”: Data integration –Unstructured and sensors, programs, services semi- structured sources (document collections, message traffic, web pages,...) –Structured data without an explicit data schema (non-local databases, data tables, charts and reports,...) –Non-Text collections (image, video, sound,...) –Streams of data from Must specify the structure of data resources..

70 2 nd aim of Semantic Web: Data integration... so a processor can tell how the "attributes" and "values" are related –What is required vs. optional? –How many values for a particular attribute? –What attributes are keys for other attributes? –Which attributes are necessarily related to other attributes and in what way?? –How do the attributes (and values) in one data source map to attributes and values describing another source?

71 Stack of languages XML: –Surface syntax, no semantics XML Schema: –Describes structure of XML documents RDF: –Datamodel for “relations” between “things” RDF Schema (RDFS): –RDF Vocabulary Definition Language OWL: –A more expressive Vocabulary Definition Language

72 Semantic web languages today Today there are three semantic web languages –RDF – Resource Description Framework http://www.w3.org/RDF/ –DAML+OIL – Darpa Agent Markup Language http://www.daml.org/ (deprecated) –OWL – Ontology Web Language http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/ http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/ OWL lit OWL DL OWL Full

73 RDF is the first Semantic Web language XML Encoding Graph stmt(docInst, rdf_type, Document) stmt(personInst, rdf_type, Person) stmt(inroomInst, rdf_type, InRoom) stmt(personInst, holding, docInst) stmt(inroomInst, person, personInst) Triples RDF Data Model Good for Machine Processing Good For Human Viewing Good For Reasoning RDF is a simple language for building graph based representations

74 The RDF Data Model An RDF document is an unordered collection of statements, each with a subject, predicate and object (aka triples) A triple can be thought of as a labelled arc in a graph Statements describe properties of web resources A resource is any object that can be pointed to by a URI: –a document, a picture, a paragraph on the Web, … –E.g., http://umbc.edu/~ypeng/F07671.html –a book in the library, a real person (?) –isbn://5031-4444-3333 –…–… Properties themselves are also resources (URIs)

75

76 RDF without a Schema Object ->Attribute-> Value triples objects are web-resources Value is again an Object: triples can be linked data-model = graph pers05 ISBN... Author-of pers05 ISBN... Author-of MIT ISBN... Publ- by Author-of Publ- by

77 Bluffer’s guide to RDF (2) Every identifier is a URL = world-wide unique naming! Has XML syntax Any statement can be an object graphs can be nested pers05 ISBN... Author-of NYT claims ISBN...

78 What does RDF Schema add? Defines vocabulary for RDF Organizes this vocabulary in a typed hierarchy Class, subClassOf, type Property, subPropertyOf domain, range Person AuthorReader subClassOf Lynda type communicatesTo domain range Frank type communicatesTo

79 Which Semantic Web? Version 1: "Semantic Web as Web of Data" (TBL) recipe: expose databases on the web, use XML, RDF, integrate metadata from: –expressing DB schema semantics in machine interpretable ways enable integration and unexpected re-use

80 Which Semantic Web? Version 2: “Enrichment of the current Web” recipe: Annotate, classify, index metadata from: –automatically producing markup: named-entity recognition, concept extraction, tagging, etc. enable personalization, search, browse,..

81 Which Semantic Web? Version 1: “Semantic Web as Web of Data” Version 2: “Enrichment of the current Web” Different use-cases Different techniques Different users

82 Four popular fallacies about the Semantic Web Semantic Web research

83 First: clear up some popular misunderstandings False statement No  : “Semantic Web people try to enforce meaning from the top” They only “enforce” a language. They don’t enforce what is said in that language Compare: HTML “enforced” from the top, But content is entirely free.

84 First: clear up some popular misunderstandings False statement No  : “The Semantic Web people will require everybody to subscribe to a single predefined "meaning" for the terms we use.” Of course, meaning is fluid, contextual, etc. Lot’s of work on (semi)-automatically bridging between different vocabularies.

85 First: clear up some popular misunderstandings False statement No  : “The Semantic Web will require users to understand the complicated details of formalised knowledge representation.” All of this is “under the hood”.

86 First: clear up some popular misunderstandings False statement No  : “The Semantic Web people will require us to manually markup all the existing web-pages.” Lots of work on automatically producing semantic markup: named-entity recognition, concept extraction, etc.

87 The current state of Semantic Web Semantic Web research

88 4 hard questions about the Semantic Web: Q1: "where does the meta-data come from?” NL technology is delivering on concept-extraction  Socially emerging (learning from tagging). Q2: “where do the meta-data-schema come from?” many handcrafted schema  hierarchy learning remains hard  relation extraction remains hard. Q3: “what to do with many meta-data schema?”  ontology mapping/aligning remains VERY hard. Q4: “where’s the ‘Web’ in the Semantic Web?” more attention to social aspects (P2P, FOAF)  non-textual media remains hard  deal with typical Web requirements.

89 Advanced Search Metadata and semantic web will make advanced search much easier Growth of web metadata. Folksonomies! Tools that automatically generate metadata TREC 2008

90 Search for Web 3.0 Natural language queries Search agent (avatar) understands and anticipates your needs Personal life search with avatar

91 The Evolving Web Web of Knowledge HyperText Markup Language HyperText Transfer Protocol Resource Description Framework eXtensible Markup Language Self-Describing Documents Foundation of the Current Web Proof, Logic and Ontology Languages Shared terms/terminology Machine-Machine communication 1990 2000 2010 Berners-Lee, Hendler; Nature, 2001 DOCUMENTS DATA/PROGRAMS

92 Web Semantics Semantic Web LayerCake (Berners-Lee, 99;Swartz-Hendler, 2001)

93 (Jim Hendler - internal talk, Microsoft Labs, July 2008) Semantic Web 2008 - ?

94 Web 4.0 :-?)

95 The next 5000 days of the web Kevin Kelly –Founder of WIRED magazine –VideoVideo

96 Web 4.0 Machines talk back!

97 Search for Web 4.0 We get real help when we search! Terminator: the Sarah Connor Chronicles Cameron’s on our side!

98 What we covered The web of data –xml, rdf, others Web 2.0 –The social web Web 3.0 –The semantic web Future of the web


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