1. Cardiovascular Physiology
Section 1
Basic Cardiac Anatomy
and Physiology

2. A B M C L D E K F J I H G

5. Cardiac Spiral Muscle. A and B illustrate the superficial muscle layer of the heart winding around both ventricles. C shows the middle myocardial layer winding around only the upper ¾ of both ventricles, whereas the inner layer is present only around the left ventricle (D).

15. Phases of activation of the fast excitable cell.

16. Action potential of pacemaker cell (sinus node, AV node)

17. Normal Sequence of Electrical Activation

18. A normal electrocardiogram showing the morphologies of the cardiac waves and the normal standardization.