1. Comprehension: Reader Factors Chapter 8 Tompkins

2. Figure 8--7 Twelve Strategies That Readers and Writers Use Gail E. Tompkins Literacy for the 21st Century, 3e Copyright ©2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

3. Comprehension Comprehension is the main goal of reading instruction Reading and writing are meaning-making processes When students make sense of what they are reading they are more interested in reading Comprehension is a multifaceted process involving different levels of thinking: literal, inferential, critical and evaluative Prerequisites for Comprehension: Background Knowledge, Vocabulary, Fluency

4. Reader and Text Factors Students understand more when they: Activate/build upon background knowledge Examine the text Make Predictions Make Connections Create Mental Images Draw Inferences Read with a purpose Notice symbols and literary devices Monitor their understanding

5. Activating Prior Knowledge Readers make connections between what they know and what is in the text

6. Connecting Readers make text-to-self, text-t-o-text, and text-to-world connections

7. Determining Importance Readers notice big ideas in the text and relationship among them

8. Drawing Inferences Readers use background knowledge and clues in the text to “read between the line”

9. Evaluating Readers evaluate both the text itself and their reading experience

10. Monitoring Readers supervise their reading experience checking that they’re understanding the text

11. Predicting Readers make thoughtful guesses about what will happen and then confirm their predictions

12. Questioning Readers ask themselves literal and inferential questions about the text

13. Repairing Readers indentify the problem interfering with comprehension and then solve it.

14. Comprehension Reader Factors Background Knowledge Vocabulary Fluency Comprehension Strategies Comprehension Skills Motivation

15. Setting a Purpose Readers identify a broad focus to direct their reading through their text

16. Summarizing Readers paraphrase the big ideas to create a concise statement

17. Visualizing Readers create mental images of what they are reading

18. Comprehension Strategies Predicting Setting a Purpose Connecting Visualizing Questioning Identifying Big Ideas Summarizing Monitoring Repairing Evaluating Determining Importance Making Inferences

19. Reading between the lines…. Think of background knowledge about topics related to the story Look for the author’s clues in the story Ask questions tying together background knowledge and the author’s clues Make inferences by answering questions

20. Motivation Teacher Motivation (extrinsic) Attitude Community Instruction Rewards

21. Student Motivation (intrinsic) Expectations Collaboration Reading and writing competence Choices

22. Figure 8--9 Five Types of Skills That Readers and Writers Use Gail E. Tompkins Literacy for the 21st Century, 3e Copyright ©2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

23. Figure 8--10 How Third Graders Use Reading and Writing Skills Gail E. Tompkins Literacy for the 21st Century, 3e Copyright ©2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

24. Figure 8--11 Guidelines for Skill and Strategy Instruction (Adapted from Winograd & Hare, 1988; Pressley & Harris, 1990.) Gail E. Tompkins Literacy for the 21st Century, 3e Copyright ©2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.