1. In the Name of Allah Most Beneficent and Most Merciful.

2. CONCEPT OF PREVENTION The goals of medicine are to promote health, to preserve health, to restore health when it is impaired, and to minimize suffering and distress. These goals are embodied in the word “prevention”.

3. Levels of Prevention Primordial prevention Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention

4. Level of prevention 1. Primordial Prevention: Prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in communities or population groups in which they have not yet appeared. i.e. Smoking, weight gain due to high cholesterol in take etc. 2. Primary Prevention: Primary prevention can be defined as “action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur”. The concept of primary prevention is now being applied to the prevention of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension and cancer based on elimination or modification of “risk factors” of disease.

5. Level of prevention 3. Secondary prevention; Secondary prevention can be defined as “action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complication”. Secondary prevention is largely the domain of clinical medicine. 4. Tertiary prevention: Tertiary prevention can be defined as “all measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patient’s adjustment to irremediable conditions”.

6. MODES OF INTERVENTIN “Intervention” can be defined as any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man. Health promotion Specific protection Early diagnosis and prompt treatment Disability limitation Rehabilitation

7. MODES OF INTERVENTIN Health promotion Health Education Environmental Modifications Nutritional Interventions Lifestyle and Behavioural Changes

8. MODES OF INTERVENTIN Specific protection The provision of conditions for normal mental and physical functioning of the human being individually and in the group. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of sickness and curative and restorative medicine in all its aspects”.

9. MODES OF INTERVENTIN Early diagnosis and treatment: Defined early detection of health impairment as “the detection of disturbances of homoeostatic and compensatory mechanism while biochemical, morphological, and functional changes are still reversible”. Mass treatment: A mass treatment approach is used in the control of certain diseases, viz. yaws, pinta, bejel, trachoma and malaria.

10. MODES OF INTERVENTIN Disability limitation: When a patient reports late in the pathogenesis phase, the mode of intervention is disability limitation. The objective of this intervention is to prevent or halt the transition of the disease process from impairment to handicap. Concept of disability: The sequence of events leading to disability and handicap has been stated as follows. Disease → impairment → disability → handicap

11. MODES OF INTERVENTIN Accident …………………Disease ( or disorder) Loss of foot………………Impairment (extrinsic or intrinsic) Cannot walk……………...Disability (objectified ) Unemployed…………….. Handicap (socialized)

12. MODES OF INTERVENTIN Rehabilitation: It includes all measures aimed at reducing the impact of disabling and Handicapping conditions and at enabling the disabled and handicapped to achieve social integration and lead to productive life.

13. PUBLIC HEALTH The Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, control of communicable infections, education of the individuals and the organization of medical and nursing services for the maintenance of health.

14. Hygiene The science of health that embraces all factors which contribute to healthful living.

15. CHANGING PATTERN OF DISEASE Developed countries: Heart disease is the leading cause of dealth in United States, being responsible for almost 32 per cent of all mortality. Second and third are cancer and cerebrovascular diseases which account for 23.5 per cent and 6.8 per cent of deaths respectively.

16. CHANGING PATTERN OF DISEASE Developing countries: The pattern of diseases in developing countries is very different. In a typical developing country, about 40 per cent of deaths are from infectious, parasitic and respiratory diseases, compared with about 8 per cent in developed countries.