1. NINE CHALLENGES OF THE 21 ST CENTURY THAT WILL HAVE GLOBAL BENEFIT WHEN WE MEET THEM Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. OUR WORLD IS AT SERIOUS RISK

3. YOUR COMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS NATURAL HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY/RECONSTR. POLICY OPTIONS

4. DISASTER RESILIENCE PRE- AND POST-DISASTER ASSESSMENTS RENEWING INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTING CYBER SPACE

5. DISASTER RESILIENCE THE CHALLENGE: How do you make people, buildings, and infrastructure disaster resilient in communities that are known to be at high risk from floods, severe windstorms, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and wildfires?

6. PRE- AND POST-DISASTER ASSESSMENTS THE CHALLENGE: How do you use computer and information technology to create realistic pre- event disaster scenarios and post- disaster assessments for use in educational surges, recovery and reconstruction, and policies?

7. RENEWING COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE THE CHALLENGE: How do you renew aging, increasingly vulnerable community infrastructure while simultaneously maintaining and/or improving the environmental balance?

8. CYBER SPACE THE CHALLENGE: How do you protect the global information infrastructure from identity theft, viruses, and other threats while sustaining a timely flow of high-quality data?

9. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

10. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

11. LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK DISASTER LABORATORIES

12. WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE SEVERE WINDSTORMS UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS STORM SURGE IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN SITING PROBLEMS FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

13. LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES CAUSES OF RISK DISASTER LABORATORIES

14. SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

15. LIGHTNING STRIKES WILDFIRES MANMADE FIRES PROXIMITY OF URBAN AREA TO WILDLANDS INTERFACE WIND DIRECTION (DAY AND NIGHT) DRYNESS HIGH TEMPERATURES FUEL SUPPLY CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

16. PROLONGED LACK OF PRECIPITATION DROUGHTS LOSS OF SOIL MOSTURE LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY DEPLETION/POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER LOSS OF VEGETATION INSECT INFESTATION LOSS OF LAND FROM DESERTIFICATION CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

17. HEALTHCARE NEW MEDICINES CLEAN WATER TO BE ELABORATED SEPARATELY

18. HEALTHCARE THE CHALLENGE: How do you identify the specific factors behind wellness and illness, and follow through on them to realize the global promise of healthcare?

19. NEW MEDICINES THE CHALLENGE: How do you find new treatments for age-old scourges such as malaria and the emerging diseases?

20. CLEAN WATER THE CHALLENGE: How do you increase the precious and relatively short supply of clean water for personal use and irrigation in all areas of the world?

21. CARBON SEQUESTRATION SOLAR ENERGY TO BE ELABORATED SEPARATELY

22. INCREASING THE BENEFIT/COST OF SOLAR ENERGY THE CHALLENGE: How do you convert and store the power of sunshine at a cost competitive with fossil fuels?

23. CARBON SEQUESTRATION THE CHALLENGE: How do you capture the carbon dioxide produced from fossil-fuel burning, and confine the excess carbon underground?