1. Prison: The Last Resort? - an examination of the expansion of the Australian Prison Population over 25 years Adjunct Professor Peter Norden AO Australian & New Zealand Society of Criminology Conference Flinders University, Adelaide November 2015

2. What is the current reality? ABS Report Corrective Service Australia 4512.0 March Quarter 2015 reported: “Australia’s national Prison population passes 35,000 for the first time”. This represented a 6.7% increase in a year. The previous year saw a 9.8% increase. Australia’s population was increasing at 1.2% a year

3. Examine the figures from 1982…….. 1982Pop: 9,826Rate: 89.8 198310,19691.6 19849,69485.6 198510,84494.1 198611,49797.6 198712,113100.8 198812,321100.4 198912,965103.5 199014,305112.2 199115,021116.0 199215,559118.3 199315,866119.2 199416,944125.5 199517,428127.3 199618,193130.9 199719,082134.9 199819,906139.2

4. Examine the figures from 1982…….. 2000Pop: 21,714Rate: 148.0 200122,458151.0 200222,492148.0 200323,555153.0 200424,171158.8 200525,353164.2 200625,790165.1 200727,224171.1 200827,615169.8 200929,317176.0 201029,700175.0 201129,106168.8 201229,381167.4 201330,775172.2 201433,791185.6 201535,467194.0

5. How to explain this dramatic increase? - a proportionate increase in crime? - the statistics indicate this is not so. - a serious economic downturn? - it has been a period of economic growth. - significant changes in social structure? - there is evidence that this is relevant. - growing divide in Australian society. - restructure of employment opportunities.

6. How to explain this dramatic increase? - changed role of media crime monitoring - reshaping of public opinion on crime - the introduction of private prisons interests - significant changes in sentencing policy - reform of bail laws and parole policies

7. Examine State/Territory rate differences: NSWVICQLDWASA NT 198296.360.895.4142.383.1369.3 1985100.862.1108.8146.576.7339.0 1990143.170.3107.4145.285.4369.9 1995164.871.8116.6170.4123.1389.8 1998158.779.7171.3170.4120.2474.9

8. Dramatic disparity between the increase in national prison population and Australia’s pop: From 1990 – 2012, the prison population increased from 14,305 up to 29,106. - 104% increase in prison population - 33% increase in the national population

9. Further dramatic increases: This trend has increased even further in last two years: - a 9.8% increase from June 2013 to June 2014 - a further 6.7% increase from March 2014 to March 2015.

10. Some International Comparisons: - United States prison expansion: 2.4 million locked up 7 million under correctional control $80 billion spent on corrections ea yr. - after 40 years of growth, the tide turns - drug offences and non-violent crimes

11. Growth in United States Incarceration Numbers: RMIT University©2011 Information Technology Services 11

12. United States growth in incarceration 1925-2012: RMIT University©2011 Information Technology Services 12

13. 2.4 Million locked up in the United States prisons/jails… RMIT University©2011 Information Technology Services 13

14. Justice Reinvested: Texas 2006/7 … data driven, consensus based options to prison. … J.R. policies adopted in 2008/9 biennial budget Result: - increased treatment options in prison system by 5,200 program slots for drug treatment - expanded diversion options in probation and parole by 4,500 beds for technical violations of probation/parole - mitgated growth by 9,000 inmates and saved the State of Texas $443 million! - The State then reinvested $241 million to expland in prison and community based treatment & diversion.

15. How to bring about such a change in Aust? Need to reach a point of conviction that present policies are not leading to greater community safety or community cohesion. Bipartison commitment to develop constructive social policies that achieve positive outcomes for the community. Data driven & consensus based options….?

16. Increased investment in social planning and community development programs in our new communities: - crime prevention needs to be more than graffiti removal and better public lighting - we need to begin building new communities not just housing estates - integration of new ethnic/cultural groups

17. New Metropolitan Housing Strategy: - the rapid planned expansion of the housing market poses both opportunities and threats - possible negative impact on public health and wellbeing goals - increased fears and perceptions about public safety and law and order issues often result - integrated planning can lead to more liveable communities and greater social cohesion

18. Ingredients of Integrated Planning: (in addition to increase in housing stock) - efficient provision of public transport - range of local educational and employment options - access to local health promotion services - development of recreational and leisure facilities - increased collaboration with local government and non government services

19. Features of successful interventions: - must consult / engage / empower - holistic intervention required - sustained interventions over 5-10 years - focus on crime prevention & development of cohesive, liveable & affordable communities